{
"id": "p16022coll220:48",
"object": "https://cdm16022.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p16022coll220/id/48",
"set_spec": "p16022coll220",
"collection_name": "Maxine Rude - Displaced Europe 1945-1946",
"collection_name_s": "Maxine Rude - Displaced Europe 1945-1946",
"collection_description": "Maxine Rude, a photographer for the U.S. Army and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), photographs daily life in displaced persons camps established in Germany and Austria at the end of WWII.\n
\nThe Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies (CHGS) is a research center at the University of Minnesota that promotes academic research, education and public awareness on the Shoah, other genocides and current forms of mass violence. From its founding in 1997, a major focus of CHGS has been the study and exhibition of artistic responses to mass atrocities as a means to foster remembrance and education.",
"title": "Boy and Infant: World War II :Lost Children",
"title_s": "Boy and Infant: World War II :Lost Children",
"title_t": "Boy and Infant: World War II :Lost Children",
"title_search": "Boy and Infant: World War II :Lost Children",
"title_sort": "boyandinfantworldwariilostchildren",
"description": "Boy and Infant: World War II : Lost Children, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) Children's Center. Kloster Indersdorf, Germany, 1945. Within the gloomy confine of an old monastery, without parents or home, a young boy cares for an infant he had never known before. The pathway to their security was not yet real, only temporary. Where are they today? Fifty years have passed since I saw them.-Maxine Rude",
"date_created": [
"1945"
],
"date_created_ss": [
"1945"
],
"date_created_sort": "1945",
"creator": [
"Rude, Maxine, 1921-2012"
],
"creator_ss": [
"Rude, Maxine, 1921-2012"
],
"creator_sort": "rudemaxine19212012",
"notes": "These photographs were a project of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA).The UNRRA was officially formed in November 1943 in anticipation of the massive numbers of refugees who would need assistance when the War came to an end. President Roosevelt, representative of the United States along with emissaries of 44 other nations, signed the agreement establishing UNRRA. UNRRA's primary function was to coordinate the relief efforts of various agencies and provide for the care, shelter, rehabilitation, and repatriation of the displaced persons. Rapid repatriation was UNRRA's primary focus. In the aftermath of World War II, millions of individuals were left without homes. For the Jews, who survived the Holocaust, going back to their country of origin proved difficult due to the large loss of life and community. If this was not hard enough there was also the issue with anti-Jewish sentiment among their neighbors. In an effort to start again many ended up in displaced persons camps (Displaced Persons Camps) set up by the allies in Austria, Italy, and Western Germany. The camps contained both Jewish and Non-Jewish refugees, A large number from Poland, who suffered at the hands of both the German and Soviet armies. Camp conditions were less than ideal at first and many Jews sometimes lived among those who had carried out violent acts against them during the war as well as those who bore antisemitic feelings. After a report was released by Earl Harrison, Harry Truman’s emissary to the camps about Jewish suffering, the camps were divided, placing Jews into separate camps. In these camps, with assistance from Jewish relief organizations, they began to rebuild their lives, creating a culture, which included the arts, politics, education and religion. The UNRRA Operated until 1947, transferring its operations to the International Relief Organization (IRO). The new agency was responsible for the care of 643,000 displaced persons. Jewish displaced persons still had a long wait ahead, as finding a country to take them in was not an easy process. The passing of the 1948 Displaced Persons Act by the United States and the establishment of the state of Israel, opened up more options, but even then many would remain in camps until the last one closed in 1957.; Maxine Rude was a photographer for the United States Army and then for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). The organization was formed to help the approximately 21 million people displaced throughout war-torn Europe. Rude was assigned to Germany in 1945. With equipment on loan from the Air Force and working from a makeshift darkroom set up in the former I. G. Farben Chemical complex in Hoechst, Rude and her assistant Norman Weaver photographed camp life. Rude’s photographs allow viewers to dwell on the general difficulties of the post-war period, to contemplate the search for justice against perpetrators of genocide, and to glimpse the struggle of the victims of the Nazis as they attempt to return to their 'normal' lives. Maxine Lean Rude was born in Viroqua, Wisconsin in 1921. She married Leonard Rude in 1940. It was with Leonard that she explored her love for photography. In addition to covering the UNRRA, she attended the Nuremberg trials and traveled to 17 other European countries. After World War II she traveled to South America, taking photographs for the World Health Organization, including events in Bogota, Columbia, and in the malaria-infested jungles of Panama and Suriname. In 1989, she photographed the fight for democracy in Tiananmen Square in China. She died on February 29, 2012 in Arizona.",
"types": [
"Still Image"
],
"format": [
"Black-and-white photographs | http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300128347"
],
"format_name": [
"Black-and-white photographs"
],
"dimensions": "14.25 x 11.25 inches",
"subject": [
"World War Ii",
"Displaced Persons",
"Unrra",
"Europe",
"Orphans",
"Children"
],
"subject_ss": [
"World War Ii",
"Displaced Persons",
"Unrra",
"Europe",
"Orphans",
"Children"
],
"city": [
"Indersdorf"
],
"country": [
"Germany"
],
"continent": [
"Europe"
],
"contributing_organization": "University of Minnesota, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.",
"contributing_organization_name": "University of Minnesota, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.",
"contributing_organization_name_s": "University of Minnesota, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.",
"contact_information": "University of Minnesota, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 214 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55455; https://cla.umn.edu/chgs",
"dls_identifier": [
"1064992"
],
"persistent_url": "http://purl.umn.edu/211879",
"local_rights": "Use of this item may be governed by US and international copyright laws. You may be able to use this item, but copyright and other considerations may apply. For possible additional information or guidance on your use, please contact the contributing organization.",
"page_count": 0,
"record_type": "primary",
"first_viewer_type": "image",
"viewer_type": "image",
"attachment": "36.jp2",
"document_type": "item",
"featured_collection_order": 999,
"date_added": "2018-01-25T00:00:00Z",
"date_added_sort": "2018-01-25T00:00:00Z",
"date_modified": "2018-01-25T00:00:00Z",
"_version_": 1710337784985681920,
"type": "Still Image",
"collection": "p16022coll220",
"is_compound": false,
"parent_id": "48",
"thumb_url": "https://cdm16022.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p16022coll220/id/48",
"thumb_cdn_url": "https://dkp5i0hinw9br.cloudfront.net/34564d843bd5530f12aeb1201d5443eef9d2b74a.png",
"children": [
]
}