{ "id": "p16022coll318:401", "object": "https://cdm16022.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p16022coll318/id/401", "set_spec": "p16022coll318", "collection_name": "World War I-related Records", "collection_name_s": "World War I-related Records", "collection_description": "Minutes, correspondence, publicity bulletins, training manuals, reports, newspapers, and other records of major YMCA administrative bodies which provided services to the military forces in the United States and abroad during World War I. [Finding Aid available at: https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/7/resources/920]", "title": "Educational Commission, materials, 1918-1919. (Box 22, Folder 15)", "title_s": "Educational Commission, materials, 1918-1919. (Box 22, Folder 15)", "title_t": "Educational Commission, materials, 1918-1919. (Box 22, Folder 15)", "title_search": "Educational Commission, materials, 1918-1919. (Box 22, Folder 15)", "title_sort": "educationalcommissionmaterials19181919box22folder15", "date_created": [ "1918 - 1919" ], "date_created_ss": [ "1918 - 1919" ], "date_created_sort": "1918 ", "creator": [ "National Board of the Young Men's Christian Associations. Armed Services Dept." ], "creator_ss": [ "National Board of the Young Men's Christian Associations. Armed Services Dept." ], "creator_sort": "nationalboardoftheyoungmenschristianassociationsarmedservicesdept", "types": [ "Mixed Material" ], "language": [ "English" ], "country": [ "United States" ], "continent": [ "North America" ], "parent_collection": "World War I-related records (Y.USA.4-1); https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/7/resources/920", "parent_collection_name": "World War I-related records (Y.USA.4-1)", "contributing_organization": "University of Minnesota Libraries, Kautz Family YMCA Archives.", "contributing_organization_name": "University of Minnesota Libraries, Kautz Family YMCA Archives.", "contributing_organization_name_s": "University of Minnesota Libraries, Kautz Family YMCA Archives.", "contact_information": "University of Minnesota Libraries, Kautz Family YMCA Archives. 318 Elmer L. Andersen Library, 222 - 21st Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455; https://www.lib.umn.edu/ymca", "local_identifier": [ "Y.USA.4-1, Box 22, Folder 15" ], "dls_identifier": [ "y_usa_4_1-box22-fdr15" ], "local_rights": "Use of this item may be governed by US and international copyright laws. You may be able to use this item, but copyright and other considerations may apply. For possible additional information or guidance on your use, please contact the contributing organization.", "page_count": 120, "record_type": "primary", "first_viewer_type": "image", "viewer_type": "COMPOUND_PARENT_NO_VIEWER", "attachment": "402.cpd", "document_type": "item", "featured_collection_order": 999, "date_added": "2020-12-16T00:00:00Z", "date_added_sort": "2020-12-16T00:00:00Z", "date_modified": "2020-12-16T00:00:00Z", "transcription": "SWAHILI WORDS AND PHRASES As regards pronunciation, Kiswahili is a very simple language. The accent is almost invariably on the last syllable but one. e.g. Mombasa Nairobi Swahili Chakiila (food) The consonants are pronounced as in English but the vowels a, e, i, o, as in French. The vowel u is pronounced oo. Examples: Kwaheri ! Goodbye ! Pronounced Kwar-hairy. Upesi ! Quickly ! Pronounced Oo-pay-see. Onddka ! Clear out ! Pronounced On-doe-ka. Sabuni! Soap ! Pronounced Sa-boo-nee. VOCABULARY. MEALS W ater Maji Hot water Maji moto Food Chakula Tea Chai Coffee Kahawa Sugar Sukari Milk Maziwa Eggs Mayayi Meat- Nyama Bacon, ham Nyama ya nguruwe Potatoes Viazi Maize Mahindi Mealie meal ' Unga ya mahindi Millet Mtama Swahili Words and Phrases. Wheaten flour Unga ya ngano Bananas Ndizi Oranges Machungwa Limes Ndimu Pineapples Minanazi Rice (uncooked) Mchele ,, (boiled) Wali Honey Asali Onions Vitunguu Vegetables Mboga Salt Chumvi Bread Mkate Butter Siagi Tobacco Tumbaku Pipe Kiko Matches Kiberiti Plate Sahani Knife Kisu Fork Ulna Spoon Kijiko Cooking-pot Sufuria Kitchen Jikoni Table Meza Chair Kiti Cup Kikombe Glass (tumbler) Bilauri The cook Mpishi The cooks assistant Mtoto wa mpishi CAMP KIT, EQUIPMENT, &c. Axe Shoka Basket Kikapo Swahili Words and Phrases. Basin Bath Bed Belt Bicycle Book Boots Bootlace Box Bucket Bush-knife Cart Cartridge Clothes Compass Cotton thread Cord, rope Crowbar Envelope Fieldglass, telescope Fixe Firewood Fish-hook Groundsheet Gun Gunpowder Hammer, mallet Helmet, hat Hoe House Ink Bakuli Bathi or chakogea Kitanda Mshipi Gari la mpira Kitabu . or chuo Viatu Kamba ya viatu Sanduku Ndoo Panga Gari Risasi Nguo Dira Uzi Kamba Mtarimbo Bahasha Durabini Moto Kuni Ndoana Tanibari Bunduka Baruti Nyundo Kofia Jembe Nyumba Wine 4 Swahili Words and Phrases. Lamp Taa Lamp-wick Tambi Camp latrine Choo Letter, message Barua A porters load Mzigo Men Watu Mosquito net Chandarua cha ixnbu Nails Misomari Needle Sindano Oil Mafuta Paper Karatasi Pegs, (tent) Vigingi Pencil or pen Kalamu Pickaxe Sururu Porters Wapagazi A porters ration Posho Razor Wembe Sack Gunia Saw Misomeno Spade Pau Tent Hema Trousers Soruali Watch Saa IMALS, GAME, &C. Antelope (small) Swara Ants, biting Siafu White ants Mchwa Ape Nyani Bees Nyuki Bug Kunguni Bullock Ngombe 5 Swahili Words and Phrases. Camel Ngamia Cat Paka Cow Ngombe Crocodile Mamba Dog Mbwa Donkey Pun da Duck Bata Elephant Ndovu Eland Pofu Fish Samaki Flea Kiroboto Fowl Kuku Giraffe Twiga Goat Mbuzi Guineafowl Kanga Hartebeeste Kongoni Hen Kuku Hippopotamus Kiboko Horse Frasi Hyena Fisi Insect Dudu Jackal Mbweha Jigger Funza Leopard Chui Lion Simba Mosquito Imbu Mule Nyumbu Ostrich Mbuni Rhinoceros Kifaru Shark Papa Sheep Kondoo Snake Nyoka 6 Swahili Words and Phrases. Tick Wildebeeste Zebra Kupe Nyumbu Punda milia SCOUTING TERMS. WEATHER. Hill Kilima River Mto Road Njia Bridge Daraja Forest Msituni Tree Mti (plural, miti) Grass Majani Bamboo Mianzi Swamp Tinga-tinga Mud Tope Snow Barafu Dust Vumbi Smoke Moshi An engineered road Barabara Rocks, stones Mawe Soil Udongo Ground, country Inchi A hole or pit Shimo A plain Mbugani or uwanda A valley Bonde Hake, pond Ziwa la maji Cliff Genge Sea Bahari Beach Pwani Ferry Kivuko Boat Mashua Oars Makasia \\ t f ft. Swahili Words and Phrasus Rudder Sail A steamship, transport A railway train A hut Villages People Troops Thorns Zareba, enclosure Gate, opening Spoor Telegraph, telephone Heliograph Sun Shade, Shadow Rain Thunder Lightning A star Moon (also a month) Clouds Msukani Tanga Meli Gari la moshi Kibanda Miji Watu Askari Miiba Boma Mlango Alama Simu Kioo or Maglass Jua Kivuli Mvua Ngurumo Umeme Nyota Mwezi Wingu NUMERALS I 2 3 4 Moja, mbili, tatu, nne 5 6 7 8 Tano, sita, sabe, nane 9 to Tissa, kumi ii Kumi na moja 12 Kumi na, mbili *3 Kumi na tatu 20 30 Asharini, . Thelathir>' Swahili Words and Phrases. 40 50 Arobaini, Hamsini 60 70 Settini, Sabwini 80 90 Themanini, Tissaini 100 200 Mia moja, Mia mbili 1000 Elfu 2000 Elfu mbili A half Nussu A quarter Robo What time is it? Saa ngapi ? 7 a.m. or 7 p.m. Saa moja 8 a.m. or 8 p.m. Saa mbili 9 a.m. or 9 p.m. Saa tatu 10 a.m. or 10 p.m. Saa nne 11 a.m. or 11 p.m. Saa tano 12 midday or midnight Saa sita i a.m. or 1 p.m. Saa saba 2 a.m. or 1 p.m. Saa nane 3 a.m. or 3 p.m. Saa tissa 4 a.m. or 4 p.m. Saa kumi 5 a.m. or 5 p.m. Saa kumi na moja 6 a.m. or 6 p.m. Saa kumi na.mbili. Half past is denoted by the words na nussu. e.g., 9-30 is saa tatu na nussu Quarter past is denoted by the words 1 robo, e.g. 9-30 is saa tatu na nussu. Quarter to an hour is denoted by saying a quarter less than the next hour. The word for minus or less is kassa, e.g., 2-45 is saa tissa kassa robo. A minute is dakika. 5 minutes. Dakika tano. 9 Swahili Words and Phrases. * ADJECTIVES Good Zuri Bad Baya Dry Kavu Wet Maji-maji Dirty Chafu Clean Safi Lazy Mvivu Hardworking, strong Hodari Raw, unripe Bichi Ripe Bivu Short Fupi Long Refu Expensive Ghali Cheap Rahisi Black Neusi White Neupe Red Nyekundu Cold Baridi Hot Moto Big Kubwa Little Dogo Wide Pana Narrow Embamba Fierce, also sharp Kali Wealthy Tajiri Stony-broke Masikini Swanky Malidadi ADVERBS Quickly Upesi Slowly Pole-pole IO Swahili Words and Phrasbs. Carefully Taratibu Immediately Sasa hivi Now Sasa At once Marra rnoja To-day Leo To-morrow Kesho Day after to-morrow Kesho kutwa Yesterday Jana Day before yesterday Juzi In the morning Assubui In the evening Jioni At night Usiku In the day time Mchana To the right Kwa kulia To the left Kwa shoto In front Mbele Behind Nyuma Near Karibu Far Mbali Here Hapa There Huko Very much Sana Up Juu Down Chini In the middle Kati kati Alongside Kando kando Early Mapema Where ? Wapi? When ? Lini? How long ago? Tangu lini ? How many ? How much ? Ngapi ? *; * I Swahili Words and Phrases What? Nini ? Why? Kwanini ? Who? Nani ? Often Marra nyingi Always Sikuzote Every day Killa siku Entirely Kabisa Truly Kweli In vain; for nothing Bure Properly Sawasawa. DAYS OF THE WEEK Sunday Jumaa pili Monday Jumaa tatu Tuesday Jumaa nne Wednesday Jumaa tano Thursday Alhamisi Friday . Jumaa Saturday Jumaa mosi PRONOUNS. Personal. Possessive. I Mimi My Yangu Thou Wewe Thy Yako. He, She Yeye His, Her Yake. We Sisi Our Yetu. You Nyinyi Your Yenu. They Wao Their Yao. (It will be found that the first letter of the possessive pronouns is liable to alteration in native speech. The forms given will however always be understood by a native.) 12 Swahili Words and Phrases. AILMENTS, &c. Hunger Njaa Small-pox Ndui Thirst Kiu Boil Jipu Fever Homa Wound Jeraha I am ill Siwezi or Mimi mgonjwa Call the doctor Mwite dakitari. I want medicine Where do you feel Nataka daw a pain ? Wasikia uma wapi ? Stomach Tumbo Ear Sikio Head Kichwa Legs Miguu Eyes Macho Arm, hand Mkono Teeth Meno Throat Shingo Bone Mfupa Knee Gote Chest Kifua Mouth Kanwa Fetch the quinine Lete kwinini Have you got diarrhoea? Wahara? Have you got dysentery ? Wahara damu ? Does your leg (or foot) swell up? Mguu umefura ? Do you perspire? Wapata jasho? Do you vomit ? Watapika ? Do you cough ? Wakohoa ? Drink this medicine Kunwa dawa hii You will get well now Utapona sasa Blood Damu Pus Usaha Ulcer Kidonda Bandage Kitamba Jiggers Funza Am I hurting you? Nakuumiza? Swahili Words and Phrases. Do you feel sleepy ? This medicine is jolly good The sun is very hot to-day Bring a needle and get out this jigger? Are we downhearted ? No ! PHRASES How do? How are you ? All right ! Buck up ! Get a move on ! Come along ! Come here ! Go away ! Run ! Come back ! Lie down ! Silence ! Who are you ? What is your name ? Where do you come from ? What tribe do you belong to? Where are you going to ? Look ! What do you see ? Do you know the road? Wasikia usingizi? Dawa hii yafaa Sana Jua kali Sana leo Lete sindano, toa fun-za hii ? Twakasirika sisi ? Sivyo ! Jambo ! Hali gani ? Njema Haiya ! Twende ! Njoo hapa ! Enda zako ! or Ondoka Kimbia ! Rudi ! Lala chini ! Kilele ! or Nyamaza ! Nani wewe ? Jina lako nini ? Watoka wapi ? Kabila gani wewe? Waenda wapi? Tazama ! Waona nini ? Wajua njia? 4 Swahiu Words and Phrases. Yes No Perhaps Whats the news ? Wheres the road to camp ? How many Germans ? No matter ! Where have they gone ? In which direction have the Germans gone? No figthing to-day They have put up the white flag The war is over Let us go home ! Where does this road lead to ? Wait here ! Fetch my luggage Take those boxes away. Put up my mosquito net. Make ready my camp bed. What cooking utensils do we require ? Where is the Y.M.C.A. canteen ? Go to the bazaar, and buy what we require. Can you iron, without Ndio Hapana, or sivyo Labda Habari gani ? Wapi njia campini ? Wadutchi wangapil Haizuru ! Wamekwenda wapi? Wadutchi wamekwenda njia gani I Hapana mvita leo Wameonyesha bandera neupe Mvita umekwisha Twende zetu ! Njia hit yaenda wapi ? Ngoja hapa ! Lete mizigo yangu. Toa masanduku yale. Anika chandarua changu cha imbu. Tengeneza kitanda change Twataka vyungu gani ? Duka ya Y M. C. A wapi ? Enda dukani, nunua vitu twatakavyo Wajua kupiga passi billa V * J Swahili Words and Phrases. spoiling the clothes ? Be at the railway station at two oclock. Take care you dont lose any of my luggage. Have you bought enough food ? You must learn to do things without being told. It is forbidden to kill the Hospital hands. Carry the loads ! Pitch the tent ! Strike the tent ! Fire the gun ! Clean the gun ! Fasten up the loads. Bring the mules Take this note to the camp Put out all fires Cut firewood Dig a hole Herd the goats to-day TFasfi the clothes Shut the door Open the box Write a letter Spread, out the blanket Put the bed inside Catch hold of the bullock kuharibu nguo? Fika stesheni saa nane. Angalia usipotee mizigo yangu. Umenunua chakula cha kutosha ? Funda kazi yako hatta utaweza kuifanya billa kuambiwa. Haramu kuna watu wa Asipitali. Chukua mizigo ! Piga hema. Ngoa hema ! Piga bunduki ! Safisha bunduki. Funga mizigo. Lete nyumbu. Peleka barua hii campini Zima mioto yote. Kata kuni. Chimba shimo. Chunga mbuzi leo. Fua nguo. Funga mlango. Fungua sanduku. Andika barua. Tandika blanketi. Weka kitanda ndani. Kamata ngombe. Swahili Words and Phrases. Hold the horse Do your work! The work is finished Slaughter five sheep Light the lamp Cook rice. Bring dinner Is there any meat? Give me a knife. Is food ready ? Not yet Quick work ! Make my bed Hang up the mosquito net Waken me at five oclock Do not go to town without my permission. I want to buy some fruit What price is this? Two rupees Half a rupee A quarter of a rupee Ten cents Much too dear ! I will give you one rupee Did you get no skoff yet? Half rations to-day ! Shika frasi F any a kazi! Kazi imekwisha. Chinja kondoo tano. Washa taa. Pika mchele. Lete chakula. Iko nyama ? Nipe kisu. Chakula taiyari ? Bado. Kazi moto ! Tengeneza kitanda changu. Anika chandarua cha imbu. Namsha saa kumi na moja. Usiende mjini billa ruksa yangu. Nataka kununua matun-da. Kiasi gani hiki ? Rupia mbili. Nussu rupia. Thumuni. Senti kumi. Ghali zayidi sana ! Nitakupaa rupia moja. Hukupata chakula bado? Posho ya leo ni nussu-tu Swahili Words and Phrases. Hard lines ! Have you had enough to eat? Tighten your belt, my friend ! Rain will come to-night Dig a trench alongside my tent I want to bathe Are there any crocodiles in the river ? Make tea Do you understand? Is this good drinking water ? I dont know Blockhead ! Idiot ! Thank you ! That is all ! \"\"Its long long way to Tipperary. Pack your troubles in your old kit bag. And smile, smile smile ! God save the King. Taabu tele! Umeshiba ? Kaza mshipi yako, rafiki yangu ! Mvua utakuja usiku leo. Chimba handaki kando kando hema yangu. Nataka koga. Yako mamba mtoni ? Tengeneza chai. Wasikia ? Maji hay a inatamu? Sijui. Pumbafu ! Mjinga ! Ahsanta ! Bassi ! Tippereri mbali Sana sana. Funga taabu mfukoni mkukuu, Na cheka, cheka, cheka ! Mungu atunze Mfalme. HOW TO KEEP FIT. 14 Health Hints for East Africa. x. Use your helmet from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. 2. Get rid of moist clothing as soon as possible. 3. Bathe whenever possible, but on no account use stagnant water.' 4. In the absence of bathing facilities get a vigorous towelling. 5. Drink only boiled or sterilized water. 6. Dont eat or drink too much of anything. 7. Wash all clothing regularly, especially socks, and dry in the sun. 8. Flies carry diseases and mean the presence of dirt somewherekeep your tent and its surroundings as clean as possible. 9. Dont sleep in Native huts or on old camping grounds. 10. If possible sleep under a mosquito net, and put it down before sunset. 11. Take some form of vigorous exercise, football, hockey, boxing, etc. 12. Respect the virtue and personality of women, Think of the children in whom you will perpetuate your life. 13. Form the highest ideals of the sex relation. 14. Think clean thoughts. Eat clean foods. Drink clean drinks. Dive the clean life. LIBERTY FRENCH' YA\\C_ A historical library AMERICAN Y M C As LIBERTY FRENCH Published for the Educational Bureau National War Work Council of Young Hens Christian Associations, by Association Press .347 Madison Avenue, New York 1918 Copyright, 1918, by the International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations This booklet may be obtained from Association Press, 347 Madison Avenue, New York, at 20 cents per copy. FIRST LESSON PREMIERE LEQON [PREMYER LESO] ^ The words and phrases are given first in theft usual French spelling; then in a special spelling that shows how they are to be pronounced; then the English meaning is given. Quest-ce que cest? [k&s ke sfe?] What is it? In the special spellings, [] stands for a sound like that of the e in English met; and the letter [e] without any mark, as in [ke], stands for a sound something like the a in Louisa. Cest la table, madame [se la tabl, madam] It is the table, madam [a], in the special spellings, stands for a sound between a in hat and a in father. Le livre [le livr] the book [i] =i in machine Le papier [le papy6] the paper [6] =a in baker La plume [la plum] the pen [u] stands for a sound made with the lips rounded as if to whistle, but otherwise like the i in machine. Ou est le livre? [ou e le livr?] [ou] = ou in soup Le livre est sur la [le livr 6 sur la tabl] table Voila le livre [vwala le livr] Que voulez-vous? [ke voule you?] Where is tho book? The book is on the table There is the book What do you want? 1 Du lait Du cafe Oui, du cafe Du sucre De la soupe De leau et du lait Du tabac Sil vous plait Donnez-moi de [du le] [du kafe] [wi du cafe] [du sukr] [de la soup] [de 16 e du le] [6] =o in go [du taba] [sil vou pie] leau [done mwa de 16] [6] =o in softer some milk some coffee Yes, some coffee some sugar some soup some water and (some) coffee some tobacco (if you) please Give me some water Merci [mersi] Thanks The sounds of French are pronounced much more vigorously and distinctly than those of English. In making the sounds [i], [e] and [e], draw back the corners of your lips. In making the sounds [6], [6], [ou] and [u], round your lips. In making the sound [r], let the tongue vibrate. You know how telephone girls trill the r in three. The last syllable of a phrase is to be slightly stressed. The other syllables are clear and even, but not stressed. Whenever possible, join consonants to the following vowel. Single consonants and groups of consonants that can begin a word go with the vowel that follows: chocolat [cho-ko-la]; montrer [mo-tre] to show. Notice that many of the letters that appear in French words as ordinarily spelled are not to be pronounced. In many words final consonants are silentfor example, in papier and tabac. Final e -without any mark is silent as in table, lime, plume; except in very short words like le. Notice that the word for the is different before different nouns. Before some it is le,-before others it is la. Those before which it is le are called Ze-nouns (or masculine nouns); those before which it is la are called Za-nouns (or feminine nouns). Before a noun beginning with a vowel, the word for the is simply V, as in leau the water. 2 FIRST EXERCISE PREMIER EXERCICE [PREMYER EGZERSIS] 1. Ou est la table? Voil&, la table. 2. Ou est le papier? Voila le papier. 3. Que voulez-vous? La plume, madame. 4. Ou est la plume, madame? Voil&, la plume. 5. Quest-ce que vous voulez? Du papier, madame. Donnez-moi du papier, sil vous plait. 6. Vous voulez de Ieau? Oui, madame, de Ieau, sil vous plait. 7. Voulez-vous du lait? Oui, madame. Merci. 8. Que voulez-vous? du sucre? Voila du sucre. 9. Vous voulez du tabac? Voilil le tabac. Merci, madame. 10. Vous voulez? ... De la soupe, sil vous plait. Merci, madame, merci. 11. Que voulez-vous? Voulez-vous le livre? Voila le livrele livre, le papier, la plume. 12. Quest-ce que vous voulez? du tabac? Oui, madame. 13. Quest-ce que cest? Cest du sucre. 14. Quest-ce que cest? Cest du cafe. Voulez-vous du caf6? 15. Oil est le tabac, madame? Le tabac est sur la table. 16. Ou est la plume? sur la table? Oui, madame. 17. Oil est le cafe? Voila le cafe, madame, sur la table. 18. Cest le? . .. Le cafe, madame. 19. Que voulez-vous? Voulez-vous du caf6 et du sucre? Oui, madame, du caf6 et du sucre, sil vous plait. 20. Que voulez-vous? le papier et la plume? Oui, madame, donnez-moi le papier et la plume, sil vous plait. 21. Quest-ce que vous voulez? le livre? Voila le livre, et la plume est sur la table. The short form Quest-ce? is used sometimes, but may seem a little abrupt. 22. Quest-ce, madame? Cest de la soupe. 23. Quest-ce, madame? cest de Ieau? Oui, cest de Ieau. Note also Est-ce ... 24. Est-ce du cafe, madame? Oui, cest du caf5. 25. Quest-ce que vous voulez? Est-ce la plume? Oui, cest la plume. Now say in French 1. Where is the coffee? There is the coffee. 2. Where is the sugar? There is the sugar. 3. Where is the pen? There is the pen, and there is the paper. 4. Do you want some soup? Yes, madam, some soup, please. 5. Do you want some water? Yes, madam; give me some water, please. 6. What is it, madam? It is coffee. 7. Is it milk? Yes, its (=it is) milk. 8. Is it water? Yes, its water. Give me some water, please. 9. Give me some sugar and water, please. 10. Give me the book and the pen, please. Thanks, madam. SECOND LESSON DEUXlfiME LEQON [Dc'eZYEM LESO] Bon [bo] good [5] stands for a sound like [6], but made with the breath coming through the nose as well as the mouth. Bonjour [bOjour] good day [i] stands for a buzzing sound like the sound of sin pleasure. Bonsoir [boswar] good evening, good night Monsieur [mesytie] sir [tie] stands for a sound made with the lips as for [6] and the tongue as for [e]. madam miss the pencil the door the window the waiter, the boy Show7 me the bill of fare Bring me some mutton Madame Mademoiselle Le crayon La porte La fenetre Le gargon Montrez-moi la carte Apportez-moi du mouton Du pore [madam] [madmwazel] [le kreyo] [la port] [la fenetr] [le garso] [motre mwa la kart] [aport6 mwa du mouto] [du pdr] 4 some pork or pork Du rosbif ou du [du rdzbif ou du some roastbeef or some pore por] pork Du beurre [du befer] some butter or butter [ce] stands for a sound made with the lips as for [6] and the tongue as for [e]. It is like the sound of u in burn when the r is very faint or is silent. Oui, monsieur [wi mesyce] Yes, sir Passez-moi le sel [pasb mwa le sel] Pass me the salt [a] =a in father Un [ce] one, a, an [tie] stands for a sound like [de], but made with the breath coming through the nose as well as the mouth. Deux [doe] two Trois [trwa] three Quatre [katr] four Notice that in words containing the sounds [5] and [tie] there appears in the spelling an n which is silent. Generally, in French spelling, a single n between a vowel and a consonant, or a final n, is silent, and simply indicates that the vowel is nasal, that is, pronounced with the breath coming through both nose and mouth, as in bonsoir and crayon. Names of cities containing these sounds are Soissons [swaso] and Verdun [verdde]. Requests are regularly expressed in French by a verb .form ending in the sound [ti], with the spelling -ez, as in donnez, apportez, passez. Notice that the expression for some is different before different nouns. Before a Ze-noun it is du: le cafe the coffee; du cafe some coffee. Before a Za-noun it is de la: la soupe the soup; de la soupe some soup. Before a noun beginning with a vowel, it is de V: Veau the water; de Veau some water. Du cafe, de la soupe, de Veau can also mean of the coffee, of the soup, of the water. 5 SECOND EXERCISE DEUXliME EXERCICE [DCEZYEM EGZERSIS] 1. Bonjour, madame. Bonjour, monsieur. 2. Garmon! Oui, monsieur. 3. Ou est la carte? Voila la carte, monsieur. 4. Que voulez-vous, monsieur? un crayon? Oui. 5. Quest-ce que vous voulez, monsieur? Un crayon, sil vous plait. Ah! voila, monsieur, voila un crayon. 6. Que voulez-vous, monsieur? 7. De la soupe, gargon, de la soupe et du mouton. 8. Le mouton est bon, monsieur. Vous voulez du beurre? Oui, du beurre, sil vous plait. Apportez du beurre. 9. Oil est la plume, madame? Voila trois plumes, monsieur. Merci, madame. 10. Oil est le papier, madame? Voila le papier, monsieur, le papier et deux plumes. 11. Bonsoir, mademoiselle. Bonsoir, monsieur. 12. Oil est le gargon, mademoiselle? Voila le gargon, monsieur. 13. Bonsoir, monsieur. 14. Montrez-moi la carte, sil vous plait. 15. Quest-ce que vous voulez, monsieur? de la soupe? 16. Oui, gargon, de la soupe. 17. Du pore ou du rosbif, monsieur? 18. Le pore est bon? Oui, monsieur. 19. Apportez-moi du pore, sil vous plait. 20. Lelait est bon, gargon? Oui, monsieur. Et le caf6? Oui, monsieur. Apportez-moi du caf6, sil vous plait, et du sucre. 21. Voulez-vous du sucre, monsieur? Oui, passez-moi le sucre. Merci. 22. Voulez-vous du tabac, monsieur? Voila du tabac. Merci, madame, et bonsoir. Bonsoir, monsieur. 23. Bonjour, mademoiselle. QuesLce que vous voulez, monsieur? Deux ou trois [dtiez ou trwa] crayons, sil vous plait. 24. Voila quatre crayons, monsieur. 25. Voulez-vous deux plumes, monsieur? Non, mademoiselle, trois, sil vous plait. 26. Oil est la porte, madame? Voila, monsieur, voilh la porte. 27. Montrez-moi la fenetre, mademoiselle, sil vous plait. Voilii, la fen&tre. 28. Montrez-moi un livre. Voilii un livre, monsieur. 29. Montrez-moi deux ou trois plumes, sil vous plait. 30. Comptez trois. Un, deux trois. 31. Montrez-moi deux crayons. Voila deux eray- 6 ons, monsieur. 32. Comptez! Un crayon, deux crayons, trois crayons, quatre crayons. Merci. Noio say in French 1. Three pens. Four pencils. Two doors. A good pencil. There is a good pencil. 2. Where is the salt? There is the salt. 3. Show me the sugar. There is (some) sugar, sir. 4. Pass me the butter, please. Thanks. 5. Count! One, two, three, four. THIRD LESSON TROISlfiME LEQON [TRWAZYEM LESO] Comment [kdma] How [a] stands for a sound like [a], but made with the breath coming through the nose as well as the mouth. Comment allez- [kdmat al6 vou?] How are you? vous? (literally, How go you?) Tr6s bien, merci [tre bye mersi] Very well, thank you [e] stands for a sound like [6], but made with the breath coming through the nose as well as the mouth. [6 vou?] [vwala le livr] [vwala 16 livr] [vwala lafa] [vwala 16z afa] Et vous? Voila le livre VoiH les livres VoilS, lenfant Voila les enfants And (how are) you? There is the book There are the books There is the child There are the children Avez-vousdutabac? [av6 vou du taba?]Have you any tobacco? Jai des cigarettes [j6 d6 sigaret] I have some cigarettes 7 Nous avons des [nouz avd dd sigar]We have some cigars cigares Combien de cigares avez-vous? [ksbye de sigar avd vou?] How many cigars have you? Cinq [sek] five Six [sis] six Sept [set] seven Huit [uit] eight [u] stands for a sound like [u], but pronounced in half time. Neuf [noef] Dix [dis] Avez-vous faim? [avd vou fe?] (.literally Ou mangez-vous? [ou majd vou?] Au restaurant [d restdra] Ou allez-vous? [ou aid vou?] Au restaurant Que mangez-vous? [d restora] [ke inajd vou?] Je mange du pain [je m&j du pe] Voulez-vous du fromage? De la viande Des pommes de terre Des ceufs Du chocolat [vould vou du fromaj?] [de la vyad] [de pom de ter] nine ten Are you hungry? Have you hunger?) Where do you eat? At the restaurant Where are you going? To the restaurant What are you eating? I am eating (some) bread Do you want some cheese? (some) meat (some) potatoes [ddz ce] [du chokdla] [ch] =ch in machine Avec du pain [avek du pe] Notice that when comment is pronounced by itself the t is silent, but that in the phrase Comment allez-vous ? the t is sounded. Compare also les livres and les enfants. It is one of the (some) eggs (some) chocolate with (some) bread peculiarities of French that final consonants which are otherwise generally silent are sounded when the next word begins with a vowel and follows without any pause. The chances are that the sound [z] in the middle of a phrase represents the final s of a short word. Compare le lime and les limes. The plural of nouns in French, as in English, is usually formed by adding s, but in French this plural s is generally silent, so that the plural generally sounds like the singular. The plural form for the is les, sounded [16], both for Ze-nouns and for Za-nouns. The plural form for some is des, sounded [d6]. Before a vowel les, des are pronounced [lez] [d6z]: les enfants, des enfants. Des can also mean of the: des enfants of the children. The expression to the, at the, before Ze-forms is an: au gargon to the waiter; before Za-forms it is a la: a la porte to the door; before V- forms it is a V: a lenfant to the child; before Zes-forms it is aux: aux gargons, aux enfants [oz afa]. French has different forms of the verb to use with I, we, and you. The form used with we ends in -ons, sounded [o]; and the form used with you ends in -ez, sounded [6] . THIRD EXERCISE TROISIEME EXERCICE [TRWAZYEM TGZERSIS] 1. Oil mangez-vous? Je mange au restaurant. 2. Est-ce un bon restaurant? Oui, cest un tr6s bon restaurant. 3. Ou est le restaurant? VoilS, le restaurant, monsieur. Merck 4. Bonjour, madame, comment allez-vous? vous allez bien? Oui, monsieur. Et vous? Tres bien, madame. 5. Entrez [atr6] (Enter, Come in), monsieur, entrez. 9 0. Vous avez faim, monsieur? Oui, madame, jai tres faim. 7. Gargon! Oui, madame. 8. Quest-ce que vous allez manger, monsieur? 9. Montrez-moi la carte, sil vous plait. 10. Quo voulez-vous? De la soupe? de la viande, monsieur? du rosbif? le rosbif est tres bon, monsieur. 11. Oui, gargon, de la soupe et du rosbif. 12. Avec des pommes de terre? Oui, avec des pommes de terre. 13. Voulez-vous du fromage, monsieur? Non, merci. 14. Du caf6? Non, du chocolat, sil vous plait. 15. Du pain? Oui, du pain et du beurre (du pain avec du beurre). 16. Le beurre est bon, gargon? Oh! oui, monsieur, le beurre est tres bon. 17. Montrez-moi un bon restaurant, sil vous plait. 18. Vous avez tr5s faim? Oui, monsieur. 19. Voila un bon restaurant, monsieur. Merci, monsieur. 20. Bonsoir, madame. Bonsoir. monsieur. Entrez, monsieur. 21. Gargon, la carte, sil vous plait. 22. VoilA la carte, monsieur. Que voulez-vous manger? Des ceufs? 23. Oui, des oeufs. Jai tres faim. 24. Combien doeufs, monsieur? Trois. Bien, monsieur (All right, sir). Non, gargon, quatre ceufs, sil vous plait; jai tres faim. Bien, monsieur, quatre ceufs. 25. De la viande, monsieur? Oui, du mouton. Non, du rosbif. Vous avez du rosbif? Oui, monsieur. 26. Vous voulez des pommes de terre? Oui, deux ou trois pommes de terre. Non, cinq pommes de terre gargon, cinq; jai tres faim. Bien, monsieur, cinq. 27. Gargon! Oui, monsieur. Du fromage, et du caf6 avec du lait et du sucre, sil vous plait. Bien, monsieur. 28. Avez-vous du tabac, madame? Oui, monsieur, nous avons des cigares et des cigarettes. 29. Combien de cigares avez-vous, madame? Voil5, monsieur, jai dix cigares. Merci. 30. Montrez-moi les cigarettes, sil vous plait. Voila les cigarettes, monsieur. 31. Ah! voila les enfants! 32. Combien denfants avez-vous, madame? Jai cinq enfants, monsieur (. . . deux enfants, trois enfants, etc.). Et vous? Now say in French 1. What are you eating? Im (=1 am) eating some eggs. 10 And you? Some bread with cheeseroastbeef and potatoes. 2. Youre (= You are) very hungry? Yes, Im very hungry. 3. What are you going to eat? Some pork or some mutton. 4. The pork is good? Yes, very good. 4. Have you any (=some) cigars, madam? How many cigars have you? There are the cigars, sir; I have nine cigars (two cigars, three cigars, etc.). 5. Have you any cigarettes, madame? Yes, sir; I have some cigarettes. How many cigarettes do you want? Six, please. 6. Waiter! Yes, sir. Have you any milk? No, sir. Have you any chocolate? Yes, sir. Bring me some chocolate, please. All right, sir. 7. Have you any children, madame? Yes, sir; I have five children (six children, seven children, etc.). And you, sir? FOURTH LESSON QUATRlEME LEQON [KATRIEM LESO] Vousavezdesoranges[vouzavedezoraj] You have some oranges Est-ce que vous avez des oranges? [6s ke vouz avd dez oraj?] Have you any oranges? (,literally, Is it that you have any oranges?) II a un sou [il a ce sou] Elle a cinq centimes [el a se satim] Ils ont deux sous Elies ont dix centimes Un franc De largent [ilz o dee sou] [elz 6 di satim] [ce fra] [de larja] 11 He has one cent She has five centimes They (men) have two cents They (women) have ten centimes one franc some money II y a un bureau de tabac prds dici [il ya re bur6 de taba pre disi] There is a tobacco store near here Entrons [atr5] Lets go in Monsieur ddsire des cigares ou des cigarettes? [mesyce dezir dd sigar ou dd sigaret?] Do you wish cigars or cigarettes? (literally, Does Monsieur wish etc.) Je desire des cigares et des cigarettes aussi [je ddzir dd sigar e de sigar61 6si] I wish some cigars and some cigarettes, too Aussi unc pipe [osi un pip] a pipe too; also a Une allumet.te Des allumettes Du feu [un alumet] [ddz alumdt] [du foe] pipe a match some matches a light (literally, some fire) Jai payd cinq sous la douzaine [jd pdyd se sou la douzen] I paid five cents a dozen Dans le paquet [da le pake] in the pad Cest trop cher [se trd chdr] It is too i pensive) Onze [oz] eleven Douze [douz] twelve Treize [trez] thirteen Quatorze [katorz] fourteen Quinze [kez] fifteen Seize [sez] sixteen Dix sept [dis set] seventeen Dix liuit [diz uit] eighteen Dix neuf [diz ncfef] nineteen Often, questions are asked by prefixing est-ce que to an affirmative form of statement: Nous avons six francs We have six francs; Est-ce que nous avons six francs? Have we six francs? Often, questions are asked also, as in 12 English, by placing the subject after the verb: Avez-vous cles oranges? Have you any oranges? The word un means either one, or a, an. It is used in this form before Ze-words. Bgfore Za-words it takes the form une. Compare le lime, un lime; la table, une tgble. 1 franc =100 centimes =20 sous = (roughly) 20 cents. Note also the indefinite adjective quelque, as in quelque chose [k61ke choz[ something, quelques livres [kelke livr] some books, a few books, quelques allumettes [kelkez alumet] a few matches, some matches. We have now had several forms of the verb avoir [avwar] to have, as follows: jai [je] jai deux sous il a [il a] le gar<;on a quelques cigares elle a [61 a] 1enfant [fem.\\ a quelques oranges nous avons [nouz avo] nous avons quelques cigarettes vous avez [vouz av6] vous avez quelques allumettes ilsont [ilz o] les enfants (to.) ont douze oranges elles ont [elz o] les enfants (fern.) ont deux francs In all French verbs the form used with elle is the same as the form used with il; and the form used with elles is the same as the form used with ils. FOURTH EXERCISE QUATRIEME EXERCICE [KATRIEM fiGZERSIS] 1. Oil est le bureau dc tabac, sil vous plait? Yoila le bureau de tabac, monsieur. Merci, monsieur. 2. Bon-jour,madame. Bonjour, monsieur. Monsieur desire? .. . 3. Je desire dcs cigarettes, madame. D6sirez-vous des cigarettes de dix sous ou de quinze sous? 4. De quinze 13 sous. 5. Combien de paquets voulez-vous? Quatre paquets, madame. 6. Est-ce que monsieur desire des cigares? Non, merci. 7. Monsieur d&ire une pipe? Oui, madame, montrez-moi deux ou trois pipes, sil vous plait. 8. Combien, madame? Quatre francs, monsieur. Yoila les quatre francs, madame. 9. Ah! vous avez des cigarettes! Combien le paquet? Trois francs. Cest trop clier, il y a des paquets de dix sous. 10. Voulez-vous une cigarette, monsieur? Oui, merci. 11. Avez-vous quelques allumettes? Oui, jai cinq paquets dallumettes. 12. 1 ous avez une pipe? Oui, donnez-moi du feu, sil vous plait. Voilit. Merci. 13. Avez-vous de 1argent? Oui. Combien dargent avez-vous? Jai onze francs (douze francs, etc.). 14. Si (If) vous avez dix centimes, combien de sous avez-vous? Deux sous. 15. Si vous avez quinze centimes, combien de sous avez-vous? Trois sous. Hi. Lenfant a quelques oranges, combien doranges a-t-il [N. B.]?1 II a cinq oranges [sek draj], six oranges [siz oraj], sept oranges [set 6raj], etc. 17. MonsieiTr a des cigares,^ a-t-il1 aussi des cigarettes? 18. Madame (The lady) a du tabac, a-t-elle1 aussi des pipes? 19. Est-ce que les enfants ont des oranges? (Ont-ils [Still des oranges? Les enfants ont-ils des oranges?). 20. Est-ce Oue les enfants ont de 1argent? Combien dargent ont-elles? [otel]? Elies ont seize francs (dix-sept francs, etc.). ~ 1. Est-ce quil y a un restaurant pres dici? (Y a-t-il un restaurant pres dici?). Oui, il a un tres bon restaurant pies d ici. (Oui, monsieur, il y a deux restaurants pres dici.) 22. Y a-t-il des restaurants pres dici? Deux ou trois, monsieur. 23. Quest-ce quil y a dans le paquet? (Qu y [ki] a-t-il dans le paquet?). 24. Il y a des allu-mettes dans le paquet. 25. Quest-ce quil y a dans la pipe: (Qu y a-t-il dans la pipe?). 26. Du tabac, monsieur, du tabac. 27. Quest-ce que vous avez dans le paquet? ww.'.lrn,n v