{ "id": "p16022coll336:5951", "object": "https://cdm16022.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p16022coll336/id/5951", "set_spec": "p16022coll336", "collection_name": "Survey Associates Records", "collection_name_s": "Survey Associates Records", "collection_description": "The Survey Associates records document the activities involved in the publication of the Survey magazines and reveal the magazines' central role in twentieth century social work and social reform, containing correspondence with major figures in the Progressive and New Deal eras, reform movements, and social work and related fields. [Finding Aid available at: https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/11/resources/733]", "super_collection_names": [ "African American Archival Materials" ], "super_collection_name_ss": [ "African American Archival Materials" ], "super_collection_set_specs": [ "p16022coll433" ], "super_collection_descriptions": [ "Highlighting the impact of African Americans in every aspect of American life, as represented across all of the University Libraries' collections." ], "title": "The Survey, May 16, 1914. (Volume 32, Issue 7)", "title_s": "The Survey, May 16, 1914. (Volume 32, Issue 7)", "title_t": "The Survey, May 16, 1914. (Volume 32, Issue 7)", "title_search": "The Survey, May 16, 1914. (Volume 32, Issue 7)", "title_sort": "thesurveymay161914volume32issue7", "description": "This is an issue of one of the Survey family of periodicals. The Survey was titled the Charities Review, Charities and the Commons in earlier stages. From 1912 the Survey was published weekly, but because weekly publication was prohibitively expensive and because of a constant clash between readers seeking technical material and readers seeking an overall view of philanthropic fields, the Survey split into two publications: the Survey Midmonthly and The Survey Graphic.The Survey Midmonthly was formally founded in June, 1922, as a digest of social work. The Survey Graphic was a magazine of \"\"social interpretation\"\" directed at people who were concerned with social and economic problems. It focused on areas of industrial relations, health, education, international relations, housing, race relations, consumer education, and related fields. This issue contains the article \"\"Commission on Southern Race Questions,\"\" covering a University of Virginia conference on race.", "date_created": [ "1914-05-16" ], "date_created_ss": [ "1914-05-16" ], "date_created_sort": "1914", "creator": [ "Survey Associates" ], "creator_ss": [ "Survey Associates" ], "creator_sort": "surveyassociates", "publisher": "Survey Associates (East Stroudsburg, Pa.)", "publisher_s": "Survey Associates (East Stroudsburg, Pa.)", "publisher_t": "Survey Associates (East Stroudsburg, Pa.)", "notes": "Forms part of the African American Digital Collections: Digitizing African American Archival Materials Across Collections project.", "types": [ "Text" ], "format": [ "Periodicals | http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026657" ], "format_name": [ "Periodicals" ], "subject": [ "Charities Periodicals", "United States Social Conditions Periodicals", "Social Problems Periodicals", "Commission on Southern Race Questions", "Race Relations" ], "subject_ss": [ "Charities Periodicals", "United States Social Conditions Periodicals", "Social Problems Periodicals", "Commission on Southern Race Questions", "Race Relations" ], "language": [ "English" ], "country": [ "United States" ], "continent": [ "North America" ], "parent_collection": "Survey Associates Records (SW 1); https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/11/resources/733", "parent_collection_name": "Survey Associates Records (SW 1)", "contributing_organization": "University of Minnesota Libraries, Social Welfare History Archives.", "contributing_organization_name": "University of Minnesota Libraries, Social Welfare History Archives.", "contributing_organization_name_s": "University of Minnesota Libraries, Social Welfare History Archives.", "contact_information": "University of Minnesota Libraries, Social Welfare History Archives. 320 Elmer L. Andersen Library, 222 - 21st Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455; https://www.lib.umn.edu/swha", "fiscal_sponsor": "Funded through the Council on Library and Information Resources' Cataloging Hidden Special Collections and Archives program, with support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.", "dls_identifier": [ "swh-hv01-s08-v32-i07" ], "persistent_url": "http://purl.umn.edu/262407", "local_rights": "Use of this item may be governed by US and international copyright laws. You may be able to use this item, but copyright and other considerations may apply. For possible additional information or guidance on your use, please contact the contributing organization.", "page_count": 24, "record_type": "primary", "first_viewer_type": "image", "viewer_type": "COMPOUND_PARENT_NO_VIEWER", "attachment": "5952.cpd", "document_type": "item", "featured_collection_order": 999, "date_added": "2019-04-11T00:00:00Z", "date_added_sort": "2019-04-11T00:00:00Z", "date_modified": "2019-04-11T00:00:00Z", "transcription": "co^gm^ Boardman Robinson in N. Y. 7'ribune WILL DISARMING THEM BOTH BRING PEACE? S OPv&W (See page 20S.) i i SURVEY ASSOCIATES INCORPORATED PUBLICATION OFFICE 105 East 22d Street Robert W. deForest, President New York Arthur P. Kellogg, Secretary Frank Tucker, Treasurer WESTERN OFFICE 116 South Michigan Ave. Chicago Vol. XXXII, No. 7 Contents May 16, 1914 THE COMMON WELFARE RESULTS OF AN 8-HOUR LAW FOR WORKING CHILDREN LABOR EXCHANGES FOR CINCINNATI HANDICAPPED . PURE MILK ORDINANCE PASSED IN ST. LOUIS . EXHIBIT OF BETTER INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS COMMISSION ON SOUTHERN RACE QUESTIONS DELEGATES TO LONDON CONFERENCE ON THE BLIND KENTUCKYS PROGRESSIVE NEW CHILD LABOR LAW FIRST CHAIR OF VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE .... A MEMORIAL LIBRARY THE CENTER FOR REJUVENATING A COUNTRY TOWN......................................... EAST SIDE STREET TYPES IN COLOR AND CLAY, Mary L. Chamberlain THE CHILDREN, A Poem.............................. INDUSTRY TRAPPER BOYS AMONG THE DEAD IN WEST VIRGINIA MINE DIRECTING THE WORK LIFE OF ENGLISH CHILDREN EDUCATION TEACHING CITIZENSHIP TO BOYS OF FIFTEEN NATIONALITIES PROFESSOR DEWEYS REPORT ON THE FAIRHOPE EXPERIMENT IN ORGANIC EDUCATION.......................... BOOK REVIEWS.................................. EDITORIALS.................................... THE JUNIOR REPUBLIC IDEA...................... WASHINGTON ALLEYS: A PROPHECY FULFILLED WHEN PEACE COMES TO COLORADO.................. COMMUNICATIONS................................ JOTTINGS...................................... Roy Temple House Edward N Clopper Olga S. Halsey Jay O Warner Henry W. Thurston John A, Fitch Price Single copies of this issue ten cents. Co-operating subscriptions $10 a year. Regular subscriptions $3 a year. Foreign postage $1 extra. Canadian 75 cents. COPYRIGHT, 1 9 1 J | BY SURVEY ASSOCIATES, INC. ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE, NEW YORK, AS SECOND CLASS MATTER INDEX NOW READY tj Index for Volume XXXI of The Survey, from October, 1913, to March, 1 91 4, inclusive, will be sent free on application. (| Bound volumes, in stout cloth with leather back and covers, $2.50 plus postage. C| Survey binders, for the current issues, handy and serviceable, $ 1.00. The GIST of IT pOR a second time the National Conference of Charities and Correction has, elected a woman as presidentMary Willcox Glenn. John A. Ryan, professor of economics at St. Paul Seminary, was elect! ed first vice-president. Mrs. Glenn is a| member of the executive committee of tha New York Charity Organization Society! and is chairman of the Clinton District Committee. As Mary Willcox Brown, Mrs Glenn was before her marriage secretary of the Henry Watson Aid Society and ol the Charity Organization Society of Baltimore. She is the author of a book entitled; Thrift. The conference will meet in Baltimore in 1915. TTECLARING that they can better aid the Colorado strikers by remaining at work, thus insuring them financial assistance, the special committee of the inter-national executive board of the United Mine Workers of America voted May 8 against a general strike. They added that if condi tions in Colorado do not improve they may change their minds, and they called upon the membership everywhere to hold itself in readiness. IV/IEANWHILE disarmament alone will not bring peace, says John A. Fitch. That will come only when there is protection to liberty to enjoy the fruits of toil: Page 205. 'JHE telegraph editors interest in Mexico and Colorado kept many people from realizing that 180 coal miners were blown to death in West Virginia a fortnight ago-Five of them were boys, for West Virginia allows its fourteen-year-olds to work in the mines. Page 194. gT. LOUIS is to have clean milk. 190. TTHE point of attack of the University Commission on Southern Race <\"\" tions. Page 190. THE village of X lacked initiative and leadership. How a memorial library brought both. Page 192. PAST SIDE street types as young East Side artists see them. Page 193. WHEN Andrew Jackson was presiden' and friction matches had just been in vented, six years after the first railroad an. forty-two years before the first nwn-training school was started in Boston, vid Lyman introduced learning by' d' in Hawaii. The school he foundeI is u. day teaching citizenship to boys oi nationalities. Page 197. A FEW years ago three-tenths of * applicants to distress committees England were under thirty. Many o were recruited from the _ rante o alley boy workers, who risked use , twenty-five for their industrial ep To-day the labor exchanges are di -them into vocational thoroughfare at both ends. Page 195. Q EVEN months tests of the 8-hour to frxt\"\" C'l-i 'A A t-ctr in TVT a c car1l11 SettS. COSGSM fF7 V R ESULTS OF AN 8-HOUR LAW FOR WORKING CHILDREN Last year Massachusetts gave to boys and girls under sixteen! the eight-hour day already secured by most adult public employes and skilled adult workmen and by these young workers in sixteen other states. The law was enacted after two years of deliberation vhich brought out all conceivable arguments on both sides. The strongest point made by the opposition was that the children would not teceive the benefits of the law because ihey would be dischargedthey would ;e driven into idleness and crime and their families would suffer from the oss of their wages. The law has had even months test. Of the 30,000 children under 16 at work before it went nto effect, 28,000 were at work in December, 1913, as shown by the statistics :f employment certificates issued. Most f this readjustment to eight-hour schedules had been completed in October. Reports from attendance officers hroughout the state show that there js been no increase in idleness and rime and that the few children displaced have returned to school as the pw requires. To determine if there had been an acrease in family hardship, the Board rf Labor and Industries sent an injury to all public and private charit- ble agencies in the state. They re- port only five cases where permanent id had been necessary and eleven cases /here temporary aid was necessary. Investigations made by the Massachu-f-hs Child Labor Committee, of which -ichard K. Conant is secretary, show Mt under the eight-hour law children iave more time to play, to read and to pst- The stories of children told to committees investigators, are inter-ding evidence: Gene age 15; interviewed Sep-6.45 to 3.45. g*30, 1913; hours 6) ght? he you rather work ten hours than .cars is too long, it seems as though I e'er see the afternoon go by. Am so pd to get out early7 in the afternoon time XXXII, No. was asked. Oh! no, ten and get a chance to play out of doors. Francis -------, age 15; interviewed September 24, 1913; earns $5.50; hours 8 to 12 and 1.30 to 5.30. Francis was discharged from the mill on September 3. The same day he obtained work in the ---------- mill, his present position. He earned $7.70 previously as a back boy but likes his present work as battery boy much better. He likes the new hours and does not mind having less pay. Francis was seen playing ball at 1 oclock. He was enjoying his nooning playing with some of the school boys. The boy who spells him off works from 7 to 11 and 1 to 5. Eight or nine other boys and girls under sixteen work in the same room with him. Occasionally children were found who said that they preferred the extra pay and were willing to work ten hours for it, but fully three-fourths of those interviewed told stories like the above. The committee believes that the law has worked as well as could he hoped and that it has accomplished just what was intendedlightening the burden of over 20,000 children. THE CHILDREN Roy Temple House A Gaston village and the Civil Wars. The hostile vanguards, marching east and west, Come flat together in the market-place And lift their guns in concert. But the square Is black with little eager Gascon heads Of children busy at their games. A pause Then some one stirs, and cries the word for all; Tiratz lus drollest Get the children out! A noble speech. But is it always sof Our air is full of poisoned, flying shafts That kill more surely than French musketoons, Of hate and malice, and black trickery And sweet temptations that grow foul as death. It cannot be that we have less of heart Than that old bitter partisan, who stayed His comrades hand and braved his foes, to cry. Tiratz his drollest Get the children out! L ABOR EXCHANGES FOR CINCINNATI HANDICAPPED A CO-OPERATIVE ATTEMPT tO aid the handicapped has been undertaken by the state of Ohio, the city of Cincinnati and private organizations. A department for them has been established in the State-City Labor Exchange, the new name with which the Ohio Industrial Commission has dubbed its old free employment agencies. The commission thinks there is sometimes something in a name, especially when a new name signifies a departure from the inefficiency marking the old employment bureaus, to long-headed plans for finding jobs. In harmony with its policy of joining forces with the municipalities wherein employment agencies are located, the commission has placed its local labor office in the City Hall, combined it with the city employment bureau, and given the superintendent of charities and correction supervision over it. Following a second policy of emphasizing those features of particular interest to each community, a division for the handicapped has been added. A vocational guidance bureau, under private auspices, is to be added also. The department for the handicapped brings to fruition efforts of the Hospital Social Service Commission extending over a year. In order to focus public attention upon the problem, a survey was made of the three thousand handicapped persons of the city. One thousand cases were singled out for intensive study. Seventy-two per cent of these were either breadwinners or probably would have others dependent upon them ; 57 per cent had years of life before them and seemed capable of adjusting themselves to economic independence with proper assistance. An inquiry carried on among a large number of factories showed that although only a few hired handicapped employes, many were willing to try them. The special department of the labor exchange is to be conducted by a trained social worker who has been selected by the social workers of the community at 189 190 The Survey, May 16,19H / BARBER.-yOU RE NEXT Marcus in New York Times TRIMMING THE DRUG EVIL the Industrial Commissions request. His work as outlined is to fall into these divisions: First, he is to study the industrial field and find places where the handicapped can be safely placed. Then he is to make a careful study of each individual applying for help with the assistance of clinics, with a view to finding out his capacity and limitations. And finally the careers of those employed through the bureau are to be followed until they are firmly established. PURE MILK ORDINANCE PASSED IN ST. LOUIS St. Louis has just scored a big victory for clean milk. The Municipal Assembly has almost unanimously passed the bill drafted by the board of health and supported by a score of civic and social service organizations of the city and by the St. Louis Republic, which has been waging an active health campaign. The bill provides for the same rigid standards for milk as are recommended by the federal Department of Agriculture. All milk dealers hereafter must register with the Board of Health, which has full power to grant and revoke permits. The chief provision, however, is that one year after the date of passage, all milk sold in St. Louis must either be pasteurized by the Held method or come from cows inspected by the Board of Health. The bill was endorsed by the large milk companies, which receive their supply from outside of the city, and which pasteurize practically all their milk. It was bitterly opposed by the city milk dealers. There are 1,750 cows kept within the city limits of St. Louis. No new dairies have been allowed for a number of years. The dairies now within city limits are survivors of the days when much of the city area was in farm land. Exhibit of better industrial RELATIONS The Exhibit of Better Industrial Relations, held the past month in New York city by the business mens group of the Society for Ethical Culture, proved striking and interesting and may be set up in other cities. Visitors could scarcely fail to be impressed with the display of a firm of Boston merchants six of whose eleven directors are employes; of the paint factory managed jointly by a factory committee and an office committee; or of the labor union which has raised the average quality of work in a whole trade and established a system of industrial education. One poster read: Tell your troubles to the grievance board; theres a member on every floor. Next it hung charts describing methods of settling industrial disputes in New South Wales, France, Canada and some establishments in the United States. The problem of seasonal unemployment was shown to have been met by two firms by varying their products. One manufactures belts part of the year and suspenders another part, while a large shoe firm keeps running the year round by special attention to sales and alteration in types of shoes. There were interesting exhibits of profit-sharing, bonus systems, physical welfare equipment and, in particular, of public continuation schools. Cincinnati, New \\ ork, Boston, Fitchburg and other Massachusetts towns have such schools and plans are afoot to establish one in New York under the garment trades protocol. A display of copper ware, glass mosaics and engravings was made by a school which trains cripples \"\"for self-support. It bore this legend: We take men from the industrial scrap heap and return them to the ranks of productive labor. COMMISSION ON SOUTHERN RACE QUESTIONS The University Commission on Southern Race Questions is proving a source of encouragement to the thought-ful people of the South, who are trying to study the race question, especially as it affects their section of the country, in a spirit of fairness and scientific investigation. The commission was organ-1 ized by James H. Dillard, president of the Jeanes Fund, director of the Slater Fund and formerly dean of Tulane University. The greeting of President Edwin A.| Alderman of the University of Virginia, to the members of the commission at their recent meeting, expresses eloquently the attitude of the commission: The so-called race question, which means the right adjustment of relations between the white man and the colored man in American life, still remains perhaps our most complex and momentous public question. On the whole, no man can deny that this complex problem has been handled for the past 30 years with a great deal of instinctive wisdom the people of the South, and the result of their constructive thought has been acquiesced in by the people of the North with remarkable and commendable faith and confidence. The problem, however, is not settled, and probably never will be, but may be counted upon to present difficult phases to every generation. In deed, a certain paralysis of feeling about the whole matter, due to exhaustion, am inclined to think, seems to have over taken both sections, and those who ar: seeking to think quietly about the mat ter should be grateful for the fact that the Negro has somehow gotten on the southerners nerves and out of the, northerners imagination. Both sections have turned with unity of effort to bring about a change in the spirit and machinery of our democracy whereby they believe the interests of al-the people can best be advanced. It > wise that in this breathing spell, patient wise, scientific, just men should labor a. the problem and seek to place it wher it belongs among the great economic an sociological questions of the time. Students at the University of Virgin! have taken a prominent part in seriousl, studying race conditions. Following th conference of the university commission the race study groups, under the leader ship of D. Hiden Ramsey, who hold the Phelps-Stokes fellowship, have gon at their work with renewed vigor. Man, students are carrying on first-hand in vestigations into local conditions, results of these investigations will embodied in reports which will be pn sented at a general meeting held at t close of the academic session. The university commission has divifl1 itself into five committees for study 211 investigation. This work will be carr. 000886641055337933788833 Common Welfare 191 A BOY AND HIS PETS The sixty-fifth annual report of the Worcester Childrens Friend Society, from which this picture is taken, emphasizes the financial difficulty of carrying on child-placing work. In the old days, when twenty-five or thirty children were supported in the orphans home, it was easy for people to see the need of money and easy to see how and where it was expended. Nowadays when one hundred or more children are supported in country homes scattered throughout Worcester county, with the same advantages and under the same social conditions as the children of the communities in which they are placed, the public does not see them and forgets that they must be fed and clothed, guided and supervised, until such time as they may safely return to their families or be put in the way of caring for themselves. on systematically this year and reports will be made at the fourth conference to be held in Washington next December. The commission consists of one representative from each of eleven southern state universities. The advisory committee is composed of President Alderman, Dr. Dillard, Chancellor Barrow, of the University of Georgia, and President S. C. Mitchell of the Medical College of Virginia. Delegates to london conference ON THE BLIND At the London Conference on the Blind to be held June 18-24, America will be represented by Supt. and Mrs. O. H. Burritt of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind at Overbrook, Mr. and Mrs. Philip E. Layton, founders of the Montreal Association for the Blind, Miss Cottingham of the Cleveland Society for the Blind, Winifred Holt of the New York Association for the Blind, and Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. F. Campbell of the Ohio Commission for the Blind. Mr. Layton, Miss Holt, Mr. Burritt and Mr. Campbell are to present papers, the two latter combining on a report on Recent Tendencies in Work for the Blind in America, including an elaborate set of lantern slides. The slides how the new institutions for the blind 't Overbrook, Pa., Baltimore and Bos-on and cover other new work since 1900. These slides were shown by Mr. ampbell at the meeting at Washington 'n April of those interested in preventing blindness and aiding the adult blind, elegates were present from states as widely separated as Texas and Maine, Wisconsin and Georgia. Besides the apers read, there was an unusual mount of round table discussion which roved of very practical interest. Senator Gore spoke and one of the lost interesting addresses was by Dr. F. Fraser who has been in charge of he Novia Scotia School for the Blind t Halifax for forty-one years. Last pring Dr. Fraser was called to the bar t Nova Scotia to receive public recognition of his work in that province, the rst time in seventy-five years that any-ne has been so recognized in Nova cotia. ENTUCKYS PROGRESSIVE NEW CHILD LABOR LAW After a campaign conducted >' the Kentucky Child Labor Associa-in and the National Child Labor Com-uttee, through its special agent Her-chel H. Jones, the Kentucky Legislate has passed a child labor law which ontains practically all the provisions | the uniform child labor law. It in-tides the eight-hour day, the sixteen-ear age limit for dangerous occupa-10ns including mines, and the twenty-ne-year limit for night messengers. In one provision of the law Kentucky is unique. She has realized what no other state has yet done,the advisability of prohibiting street work to boys under fourteen. Other states have a ten- or a twelve-year limit, but Kentucky is the first state to establish a fourteen-year limit for all such work. The law also provides an eighteen-year limit for girls in street work, a standard which has been reached by only two other states, Massachusetts and Wisconsin. Whether this street work provision becomes an actual fact, or simply remains unused upon the statute books, depends largely upon the school attendance officers. They, as well as the labor inspectors and police officers, are charged with its enforcement; but other duties of the inspectors and the police officers are so numerous that the street work provisions may remain unenforced unless the attendance officers fully realize the importance of the law. There is a good opportunity for the people of Kentucky to help in the enforcement of this provision. The street trader comes continually under their observation, and if they are careful to re- port to the proper authority all the violations they see, they will greatly aid the attendance officers in their task. First chair of vocational GUIDANCE A special professorship in vocational guidance, the first in this country, has just been established by Boston University. Meyer Bloomfield has accepted the chair. Mr. Bloomfield will not leave the Vocation Bureau of Boston, of which he is director. The course for the year 1914-1915 will deal with the theory and practice of vocational guidance. The objects are described as follows: to provide instruction and practical training in the duties of vocational counselors in schools, philanthropic agencies, and business establishments; to afford opportunity for the study, under direction, of vocational problems in education and educational problems in employment; to open the way for contributions, based on reading, research, and service, toward more socially effective material and processes in education and employment; to enable school departments to undertake tentative experiments in vocational guidance. 192 The Survey, May 16, 19B TIME EXPOSURES by HINE CANS AND KIDS IS THE STREET BIG ENOUGH FOR BOTH ALL DAY? MEMORIAL LIBRARY THE CENTER FOR REJUVENATING A COUNTRY TOWN Because of the lack of resident initiative and leadership, the village of X for many years had failed to make any real progress. Similar conditions prevail in hundreds of other communities in our country. The village is calling for leadership and many of our young men who have the vision and the personality and who are looking about for the best way to invest their lives might well consider the small town as a field of service. That this can be done is shown by the Memorial Library in the village of X . The library was the gift of a prominent man and his wife who saw the need and gave the building to be used as a social center for the community. The work was started a little over five years ago. The Memorial Library includes a well-lighted and ventilated auditorium accommodating about 200 people. Here entertainments, fairs and socials are held. Classes in physical culture for both boys and girls are conducted during the winter months. On two evenings a week the people are entertained with the best motion pictures. This keeps in their home community the young people who had been in the habit of going to neighboring towns for these pleasures. A room containing a billiard table and other games attracts the young men and serves to keep them from places that are of morally destructive character. A room with showers and a bathtub was added to the equipment about two years ago and is used by the women and girls on specified days as well as by the men and boys. A manual training shop forms a part of the equipment of the Memorial Library. Boys from twelve to sixteen years of age have been instructed in making all sorts of useful articles of furniture. A domestic science room with every facility for efficient and systematic work in sewing and cooking is included. The girls thoroughly enjoy the work and carry the training into their homes. One year the girls conducted a fair and from the sale of articles realized a considerable sum which they used to pay their instructor in physical work. At a community banquet, the first of its kind ever held in the village, the catering was done by the girls in the domestic science class. For several years the domestic science and the manual training work has been part of the school curriculum. By being under the direction of the school the work is carried on to better advantage as every child of eligible age is obliged to attend the classes. The wife of the secretary of the Memorial Library has general supervision over the girls work and most of the classes are under her instruction. The children are being educated to I thrift and economy by a savings system which has been introduced. For several years a number of the village boys have attended a county camp and have been influenced for good through the comradeship and the influence of the other boys. One summer a camp for girls was conducted. During the past summer a ten-acre lot within a quarter of a mile of the village was rented and used for a playground. The playground contained a baseball diamond and a basketball and tennis court. A cottage was built on the grounds and the secretary and his family lived here all summer, giving personal supervision to the work at all times. In the first year of the work a village improvement committee was organized. This was appointed from the representative men of the village and residents of the surrounding estates who gladly responded when approached for financial assistance. The first thing the committee decided upon was to light the streets with electricity. It was thought that the taxpayers would not assume this expense until they had seen the great improvement the lights would make in the streets. The committee had the lights installed and for two years met the expense through public subscription. The amount they were obliged to raise was $1,500. The third year a lighting district was established and practically every taxpayer signed the petition to have the lights paid for through taxation. One of the greatest needs of the village was a water supply. For five years the committee tried to solve this problem and recently its labors have been rewarded. A company supplying water to a village three miles distant has been induced to extend its mains to the village of X . A fire company is to be organized with its home in the Memorial Library. One of the churches had been struggling for years with a debt. At a meeting called to discuss the finances of the church the secretary of the Memorial Library offered to co-operate in a canvass to pay off the entire indebtedness. He outlined a tentative plan and was asked to go ahead. A large paper elephant blocked off to represent various ^ amounts, the aggregate representing the | church debt, was placed in one of the stores. Everybody was enlisted to help and two days before the time appointed for the canvass to close the entire sum had been raised. Everybody gave to \"\"kill the elephant. These are the more spectaculai achievements due to the influences emanating from the Memorial Library, but in point of fact, the whole community has caught the spirit of progrcS-Do such results merit the investme11 of a life in a small town? Common Welfare 193 *AST SIDE STREET TYPES IN COLOR AND CLAY MARY L. CHAMBERLAIN BY An exhibition of paintings, etchings and sculpture has brightened the club rooms of the University Settlement, New York city, the past few weeks. The three exhibitors, all under twenty-five years of age. are members of the settlement. They have spent most of their lives on brush and he is still a bit timid in handling paint. His color, however, is always mellow and harmonious, and every canvas betrays a remarkable sense of texture. Abbo Ostrowsky is not a finished, skilful artist like his fellow exhibitor. the crowded, noisy East Side and in clay and in paint they have recorded many familiar figures of the swarming streets the rabbi, the sweatshop toiler, the blind beggar, the organ woman. William Auer-bach-Levy is by no means an obscure \"\"garret painter. As an etcher he is well known in New York and in Chicago where his Man with the Cloak was winner of the first prize of the Chicago Society of Etchers in 1914. Even as a little chap he was not [satisfied with shooting craps and following the gang. He wanted to draw, and so with a group of older lads he formed a life class where each member took turns at being model. Later his talent was discov-I cred by a sympa-| thetic teacher who took him to the National Academy of Design and asked that he be enrolled as a pupil in a night class. In 1911 he won the Mooney traveling scholarship from the academy and, his ambition realized, he :\"\"as off to Paris to study. Mr. Levys etchings are a rare com- tnation of soft delicate line and bold decorative composition. Until four Jears ago he had not touched a paint But his very lack of tutelage has prevented imitation and encouraged self-expressiona self-expression that reveals the melancholy temperament of the Jewish people. Driven with his family from Russia six years ago, young Ostrowsky has painted dark memories of the field of massacre. These are re- lieved by studies of American and Russian landscape, but always the color is somber and the scene desolate. There is a big gruesome canvas of a Russian graveyard; another, depressingly grey, of New York from the harbor; and many little pictures of deserted country. Even the sunniest, a little sketch called Noon with green marshy background and quiet blue water, leaves an impression of solitude and loneliness. Mr. Ostrowsky was formerly a student at the Royal Art Academy at Odessa. He is continuing his studies at the National Academy of Design. in New York and is using a room of the University Settlement for his studio. The youngest exhibitor, Pauline Margulies, has been literally brought up in the settlement. She played games in the settlement kindergarten, she was a loyal member of a girls club and she learned to model in the settlement modelling class. From this class she graduated to Cooper Union and later she won several medals and a scholarship at the Art Students League. She has also been a pupil of Abastenia St. Leger Eberle. Miss Margulies work most of all reflects the busy neighborhood where she has spent her life and which she knows stooping Sweatshop front of her so well. The Worker passes daily home on Delancey street, The Newsboy sells the Jewish Vorw'arts on the corner, and The Laborer and Family are found in every blockin these familiar figures she finds inspiration for her work. Industry INDUSTRY RAPPER BOYS AMONG THE DEAD IN WEST VIRGINIA MINEBY EDWARD N. GLOPPER On Tuesday afternoon, April 28, another heavy toll of life was taken in the mining region of West Virginia. At Eccles, a little village nestling in the hills not far from the southern border of the state, 180 lives were suddenly snuffed out by an explosion in a coal urine, hundreds of feet below the surface of the ground. All the dead were employes of the New River Collieries Company except one, an insurance agent of Charleston, who had gone down just before the accident occurred, to solicit business from the men. Intensifying the tragic features inseparably associated with such a disaster was the presence in the mine of several young trapper boys who lost their lives with the others. The youngest were only fourteen years of age and of these there were five according to the affidavits of their parents obtained by the company when they were engaged. The law of West Virginia permits fourteen-year-old boys to work in mines and demands no proof of age, except in case of doubt when a parents affidavit fulfills all requirements. Surely the untimely end of these children should be sufficient argument for the establishment in this state of the sixteen-year age limit for employment in this exceedingly hazardous occupation, especially as coal mining is the chief industry ' there. Many other mining states have already set this standard. Two horizontal seams of coal are worked in this mine. One at a depth of 250 feet is reached by shaft No. 6; the other, 500 feet below the surface, is operated by means of shaft No. 5. The two shafts are connected underground, thus affording ventilation by the fan system, one serving as intake, the other as exhaust for the air current. The explosion was in the lower level, near shaft No. 5, where most of the men were at work. At the time there were in these workings 171 employes and the insurance agent, all of whom were killed. In shaft No. 6, at work in the upper level, were 75 employes, of whom 67 were by prompt action taken out alive, and only three of these were injured. Eight men who were close to this shaft lost their lives, although at a long distance from the place of the explosion. In striking contrast with the disaster six years ago at Monongah, W. Va., no appeal to charity will be necessary, nor will there be any physical suffering on the part of the bereaved families. The new workmens compensation law of West Virginia, which took effect last October, makes provision for the care 194 Completely overshadozued by tzvo ivars, one in Mexico and the other in Colorado, the death of the i8o coal miners in West Virginia who were blown into eternity a fortnight back has passed almost unnoticed. It now develops, as shown by Mr. Clopper, zt'ho is an agent of the National Child Labor Committee, that five young boys zvere among the killed. The sending of children into coal mines has been stopped in many states. In West Virginia it is still legal for boys over fourteen to be so employed. It ought to be evident by this time that it is a practice not dissimilar from sending them to stand in the front line of battle.Ed. of the dependents. To each widow the state will pay $20 monthly until death or remarriage, and $5 additional for each child under fifteen years, not to exceed three children in each family. A father, mother or other person who had been dependent on the earnings of a workman under twenty-one years of age, will receive 50 per cent of his average weekly wages for the period that would have elapsed before he reached his majority. The state also pays the funeral expenses not to exceed $75, qpid $150 is allowed to the injured for hospital treatment. Two car-loads of coffins and boxes were furnished at once by the state. The fund out of which these moneys are paid is created by the GOVERNOR HATFIELD OF WEST VIRGINIA In the garb he donned to investigate the mine explosion. monthly payment into the treasury of one dollar for every one hundred on the payroll of each employer, 90 per cent of the amount being contributed by the employers and 10 per cent by the employes. This applies to all lines of industry in the state except agricultural and domestic work. It also includes intra-state railroad service. Officers of the State Public Service Commission which administers this fund, were on the scene promptly receiving the claims of relatives of the deceased. The company also stands ready to relieve distress. The mine is one of the properties of the Guggenheim interests; President Guitterman of the company and Charles P. Neill, who is in charge of its labor welfare work, went to Eccles immediately to direct operations and look after the stricken families. Of the victims of the explosion, 52 per cent were Americans, a few less than half of these being Negroes; 13 per cent were Italians; 11 per cent Polish; 7 per cent Lithuanians; the others were Russians, English, Hungarians and Germans. So far as is known at present, about half of the men were married, but some of those recorded as single may have families in Europe and it will be some time before the exact number of beneficiaries is learned. The actual cause of the disaster has not yet been ascertained and may never be known. Scientists and officers of both the federal and state bureaus of mines hurried to the spot prepared to give aid and make a careful investigation, but the inquiry awaits the removal of the bodies, only half of which have been recovered at this writing. The mutilated condition of many of the bodies attests the fearful force of the explosion. Identification has been possible only by means of the numbers on the brass checks given to the men as they went into the mine. In all probability most of the men met death instantly, while others who were found with handkerchiefs tied over their nostrils must have succumbed within a few' minutes. The badly wrecked condition of shaft No. 5 seriously impeded the work of recovery. Timbers, mine cars, and masses of coal and slate were hurled agatns the shaft by the explosion, blocking tie passage and preventing ingress an ventilation. The subsequent accumua tion of gas and water further comp' cated the situation and held the wor men back. The helmet corps of the e eral government penetrated into t workings as soon as possible in the op that some of the miners might be re cued but no signs of life could be fun TUe Survey, May 16, D,R a the menaci who leave blind-alley London, 61 school in occupations small prop they attain shire cotto piecers fa must even tions. Onl timers, wl school and spinner. The dan; of unemplo and increas It is rare f than six pk common t( occasional! thirty job: results froi the constan nitude to a Law statis In 1906 youths fou: charged w per cent tional occu trades, ant The Poo of Englanc cent of th mittees we jority and Law Comt casual mar cruited of adolescent, the blind enter upor The inci bor in prc the strengt has until i obtaining It has evi hazard me and by igi and parent trial traini opportuniti The juvi land have vide an ac bor. The ulate intell and to as school to they are time the j: courage s< predation Authorit changes in lative acts, sion was changes in Labour E: out Engla the next ployment authorities Industry 195 IRECTING THE WORK LIFE OF ENGLISH CHILDREN -BY OLGA S. HALSEY Useless at twenty-five is I the menacing prospect which faces boys who leave school at fourteen to enter blind-alley and unskilled occupations. In London, 61 per cent of the boys leaving school in 1907-1908 entered unskilled occupations which could absorb but a small proportion of these boys when they attained manhood. In the Lancashire cotton mills three-fourths of the piecers fail to become spinners!, and 1 must eventually change their occupations. Only one in ten of the tiny half-timers, who divide their days between school and factory, will ever become a spinner. The dangers of casual employment or of unemployment threaten all these boys and increase their costliness to the state. It is rare for a boy> to pass through less than six places between 14 and 21 years ; common to pass through twelve; and occasionally a boy has had twenty or thirty jobs. The demoralization that results from the nature of the work and the constant shifting is of sufficient mag-i nitude to appear in criminal and in Poor Law statistics. In 1906 in Glasgow, out of 1,454 youths fourteen to twenty-one years old, charged with theft and dishonesty, 87 per cent were from such non-educa-tional occupations as messengers, street trades, and van boys. The Poor Law returns for the whole of England for 1907 show that 30.2 per cent of the applicants to distress com- mittees were under thirty years. Majority and Minority Reports of the Poor Law Commission both agree that the casual market has been increasingly recruited of late years from boys, barely adolescent, who have been cast off by the blind alley occupations which they enter upon leaving school. The increasing demand for cheap labor in processes which do not require the strength and intelligence of a man has until recently been unhampered in obtaining a ready supply of juveniles. It has even been aggravated by haphazard methods of picking up a job, and by ignorance on the part of boys and parents of the importance of industrial training and of trades that offer opportunities for advancement. The juvenile labor exchanges in England have not been established to provide an accessible market for child labor. The immediate purpose is to stimulate intelligent selection of employment and to assist boys and girls leaving 1 school to secure positions for which they are most suited. At the same time the juvenile exchange aims to encourage school attendance and an appreciation of vocational training. Authority to establish juvenile exchanges in England rests on two legislative acts. By an act of 1909 permission was given to create juvenile exchanges in connection with the National Labour Exchanges conducted throughout England by the Board of Trade. The next year, 1910, the choice of employment act gave local educational authorities power to undertake similar in The Survey of March 28, Katharine Coman described Great Britains remarkable system of labor exchanges and the part they play in the system of national unemployment insurance, which went into effect a year ago. In this article Miss Halsey shows hoiv the labor exchanges are doing service in another direction, that of diverting juvenile labor from the blind alley industries, and directing them into channels that lead to advancement and positions of security.Ed. work. Although at first this duplication of effort caused some confusion, a satisfactory division of work has gradually been effected in the majority of exchanges. In general, the actual placing of the children is done through the Board of Trade Exchanges, since they are conversant with the labor market throughout the country and since they are the natural medium to which an employer turns for labor. On the other hand, the more personal side of the worksuch as guiding and advising applicants and superintending after care,is done by the educational authorities. Birmingham and Edinburgh, in common with sixty other towns, have made arrangements under the choice of employment act, whereby volunteer committees of the local education authorities supervise the boys and girls for whom the exchanges have found situations. In London volunteer members of the juvenile advisory committees of the Board of Trade meet in rota to advise girls and boys about their future work and the exchange officer is expected to carry out their recommendations. The personal after care is again left to the care committees of the schools. In placing children in positions for which they are best suited, the officer of the exchange is assisted by the school leaving form filled in by the teacher and others who have known the child. This places at his disposal knowledge of each childs scholastic attainments, special aptitudes, health, home conditions, and preferences of parent and child in regard to employment. A note is also made as to whether the child will need after care. In Birmingham, in 1913, 17.6 per cent of the children were recorded as needing special after care: 36.9 per cent moderate care: and 38.1 per cent none, except for encouraging further education. In London, about 40 per cent are recorded as needing no further supervision. During the year, officers of the exchanges speak to the children, and parents meetings are arranged so that both parent and child may be impressed with the necessity of learning a trade, and the desirability of applying at the exchange. In Birmingham, for example in the second year of the exchange, 23 parents' meetings were held, with an average attendance of 140. As a result of such efforts about 50 per cent of the London children apply at the exchange, often accompanied by the mother, and talk over the prospects of the future. It is a difficult task to match the desires of the children and the work for which they are most fitted with the available vacancies. In contrast to finding employment through newspapers, signs or hearsay, the brightest lads are given the positions with the best promise of advance. As far as family circumstances permit, they are advised to start with low wages, and learn a trade, in preference to high wages with no future prospects. In Birmingham the better class of girl is urged to go into the skilled trade of making jewelry. The skilled but coarser work of lacquering, French polishing, and upholstery is recommended to the rougher class of girl. With all, every effort is made to place boys and girls in factories with a good tone, and to steer them from blind alley and overcrowded occupations. When a decision has been reached, the child is sent with a card of introduction to the employer with a vacancy. The employer is free to accept or reject the applicant, and to make his offer of terms. The child then reports to the exchange, whether or not he has secured the job, and what wages he is to receive. In Birmingham 6,457 vacancies were filled, out of 9,803 notified at the juvenile exchange for the year ending October 31, 1913. About 32 per cent of these were filled by boys and girls direct from school. The largest number of boys placed, 1,188 or 32 per cent of the total 3,663 boys, was in the various branches of engineering; the largest number of girls, 507 or 18 per cent of the 2,794 girl applicants, was sent to warehouses. Only 1.5 per cent of the boys become van boys, i.e. drivers, trucksters, etc. These figures may well be compared with returns giving situations of 351 boys who had placed themselves without the aid of the exchange. One-fifth of these boys went into the less favorable occupations of errand boys, tube drawers, van boys, and beer bottling. It must be remembered that Birmingham is exceptionally rich in the number of its skilled industries, so that the exchanges have every opportunity to divert boys and girls from the least promising into the more promising trades. Seventy-five per cent of Birmingham employers make use of the exchange and ten of the largest firms obtain all their juvenile workers through this channel. Co-operation on the part of employers enabled the exchanges to place in a single month 39.4 per cent of the children who had left school in that period. In placing the best boys and girls_ in the best openings, a central office acting as a clearing-house for each local exchange is essential in the large cities. In London, for example, the East End, a district with a big working class pop- 196 The Survey, May 16, 1914 ulation, offers few really promising openings. Through the central office of the Labor Exchange capable boys and girls of the East End are sent to better positions in the West End. During three months, ending in October, 1913, one particularly fortunate exchange placed 536 children locally, and 499 in other districts. Although workers in the London exchange complain of a lack of suitable openings, returns showing the distribution of vacancies filled by seventeen juvenile exchanges in London are regarded as satisfactory, in comparison with a former return which disclosed the fact that not more than one-third of boys leaving school found advantageous openings on their own initiative. In these returns from seventeen exchanges the vacancies are graded A, B, C, according to their promise of absorption into the industry. In general the possession of a school leaving form implies that the child has just left school. Total vacancies filled (boys and GIRLS) BY 17 JUVENILE EXCHANGES in London With school leaving form A vacancies...............1344 B 1546 C 494 3384 Without school leaving form A vacancies...............1641 B 2562 C 1156 5359 Total ...............................8743 The high number of A vacancies and the small proportion of C vacancies filled by applicants direct from school speaks well of the preventive work. Throughout the length and breadth of England exchanges are carrying on similar work. In 1913, 90,387 vacancies were filled by boys, and 65,921 by girls. Deducting those placed more than once, 74,535 boys, and 54,206 girls were placed. Twenty-four per cent of the openings for boys, and 30 per cent of those for girls were filled by children who had just left school. The juvenile exchanges are constantly attempting to increase the possibilities of advancement in the different trades. To a certain extent they have succeeded in inducing employers to regard the youthful applicant as an individual who will need a mans wage, when he reaches manhood, and to reorganize their plant accordingly. In one instance, an East End firm formerly discharged its boys of seventeen, and recruited its staff of buyers and salesmen from outside. Through the efforts of the exchange, the work has been rearranged so that the boys are in line for promotion to this high grade of work. The London County Council now allows time off to its boy employes, to attend continuation school. The post office, which formerly dismissed half its boys sixteen and seventeen years old. is now offering a permanent career to promising youths. In Birmingham the effect has been to improve the number and quality of applicants, so that an insufficient supply of labor has been replaced by a waiting list. The work of the volunteer in taking a friendly interest in these boys and girls is a most important adjunct to the scheme. In Birmingham the work is organized by the education committee, which has formed seventy care committees with a membership of 1,586 helpers for the 130 schools. The second annual report of the central care committee of Birmingham, describes the infinite variety of duties that devolve on the volunteer visitor. \"\"Visits to the homes, interviews with parents and children, industrial information given, questions answered, warning imparted, sense of responsibility reawakened or strengthened, educational guidance, matters of health discussed, character influence, individuals brought into touch with recreative, social and other organizations,evidence of all these and more is to be found in the eight thousand odd reports, but these things cannot be set out in tables or served up in statistics. As 68 per cent of the Birmingham young folks are credited with membership in Boy Scout troops or other organizations, the volunteers aim to secure club leaders who are in contact with the children to eventually assume the after care work. In London school care committees were organized originally to care for necessitous children who required school feeding or medical treatment. The additional work of after care for the labor exchanges is often a burden and inadequately done. Some people believe a serious defect in the scheme is the responsibility that rests upon a corps of volunteer workers who may not be fully trained to meet the responsibility that the work demands. Those in charge of the work, however, feel that a large body of volunteers in preference to paid workers is essential to the success of the plan. At present the complaint is made that only about half the school children who ought to come to the exchange apply. Undoubtedly the usefulness of the exchange would be increased by compulsory registration for all school children. The present organization of exchanges in England does not prevent this and may be preparatory to this further development-. Coupled with this demand, many people urge that instead of the present arrangement of including boys and girls up to seventeen years of age, guidance is needed until the period of shifting from blind alley work to permanent work is ended at eighteen years. These two reforms would give the exchanges effectual control over children for four years after leaving school and would gradually eliminate halfgrown boys who have never had a good start since leaving school and who are habitually out of work. In this connection it is interesting to note that one exchange has actually started a school which unemployed youths may attend, and that the general effect of the exchanges is to shorten the period of demoralizing unemployment. Critics of the juvenile labor exchange urge that no permanent improvement in industrial skill can be attained until on the one hand the school-leaving age is raised and a system of compulsory half-time schools introduced, and on the other hand until business is so reorganized that there are suitable openings with reasonable hours of work. Such critics remember only the commercial function of the exchange and overlook its broad educational value to the child, the parent, the employer and the public. As the result of the effort of volunteers in urging children to continue their education there has been an increased attendance at the continuation schools in Birmingham, Edinburgh and Huddersfield. The committees are uniformly impressed, however, with the difficulty of attending evening classes when the hours of employment are frequently so long as to leave the boy tired and unfit for further exertion. The constant attention of large numbers of volunteer workers to the evil of overworking children and the collection of information upon child labor are the surest preparation to laws for a shorter working day and an older working age. The fact that it is difficult to keep children in any one situation for any length of time and that the exchanges are filled with inefficient boys and girls has focussed public attention on the educational and industrial systems which have produced this kind of prospective wage-earners. Finally, aside from its success in placing promising youths in better openings and its probable reduction of adult unemployment, the juvenile labor exchange must be tested by its influence upon the parent and home. At the present time parents welcome this new guidance. According to J. W. Peck of the famous Edinburgh exchange, Even the most careless parents are constrained ... to devote a certain amount of consideration to the future career of the children. . . . The community is bound in the long run to reap benefit from the consequent awakening of this sense of responsibility. DRINK AND WORK ACCIDENTS Workmen frequenting drinking places coming to or going from their work will be replaced by non-drinking men as rapidly as possible. This notice, posted in the American Car and Foundry Companys plant at Berwick, Pa., has resulted in a mar^ decrease in accidents among the 5,000 men employed there. It was put up following the visit to Berwick of the Rev. Henry W. Stough, who conducted a vigorous crusade against the drink evil. The meetings by Dr. Stough were held the end of October and the beginning o November. Since that time, it is asserted, accidents have been reduced 3 per cent. The output in the passenger car department has been increased from one and one-half cars a day to two cars, with the same force employed. ( ^ bank deposits in the six weeks follow111? the meetings were $80,000 larger t ian in any other six weeks period. It is reported that the judges in her wick will refuse to grant any licenses i the town next year. G Front row- Middle row Back row Teac TIO Whi missionaries shores of Ka from the hor aim at noth Sandwich Isl pleasant dvv churches, an pie to an ele-ilization. I ers set about characteristic 'vise men fr change in th he affected I little withoui raent of the ative, but wh had little pla ience was to subsequent p . Perhaps th mg in the ea when Queen leave off cat f book-tall lowed her ex, lar fad; befo thousand pei and write. E fathers saw hon as a m< have little rec naturally ind m?s and chi where could here was bu fttM to worl manual train tlve students under the di EDUCATION GROUP OF STUDENTS AT H]LO SCHOOLMIXED TYPES (LEFT TO RIGHT) Front rowPart-Chinese, German-Samoan, Half-white, Portuguese, Hawaiian-Porto Rican, Porto Rican. Middle rowRussian, Japanese, Korean, Eng.-Sanioan, Pure Samoan. Back rowFilipino Jap-Hawaiian, Gilbertese-Hawaiian, Chinese-Hawaiian, Pure Hawaiian, Spanish-Hawaiian. Teaching citizenship to boys of fifteen nationalities-by JAY O. WARNER CHAPLAIN, HILO BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS When in 1820 the American missionaries first landed on the sunny I shores of Kailua it was with instructions from the home board that they were 'to ] aim at nothing short of covering the Sandwich Islands with fruitful fields and pleasant dwellings, and schools and churches, and of raising the whole peo-] pie to an elevated state of Christian civ-| ilization. Accordingly the early fathers set about this high commission with characteristic New England zeal. These \"\"'ise men from the east knew that any change in the heathen heart that might be affected by their efforts would avail little without a corresponding development of the head. Schools were imper-Iative. but what kind of schools? Theory I bad little place in those days and experience was to solve this with many other subsequent problems. Perhaps the greatest impulse to leaning in the early days was given in 1824 when Queen Kaahumanu was induced to leave off card playing to study the art book-talking. Old and young followed her example and took up the popular fad: before the end of the year two thousand persons had learned to read 2nd write. But the sagacious missionary lathers saw deeper than this. Educa-tlc,n as a mere accomplishment could 5ave little redemptive value with a people naturally indolent. Besides, school build-lnp and churches were necessary and inhere could capable builders be found? here was but one answerteach the na-to work. The earliest attempt at Manual training was in 1831, when na-h'e students erected a school building |under the direction of their teacher on the island of Maui. Lahainaluna Seminary, as this school was named, flourishes to this day, retaining its department of manual training. After this first experiment in industrial education the missionaries began developing the idea in other places. The oldest and in certain respects the most remarkable of the island vocational schools was founded at Hilo, island of Hawaii, in 1836. This school, hereafter known as Hilo Boarding School for Boys, began operations in a lowly thatched grass house with Rev. David B. Lyman and his good wife as teachers. It is their grandson, Levi C. Lyman, who is the present principal. Starting with eight pupils the number soon swelled to sixty-five native Hawaiians. By heroic means more commodious buildings were then provided and a program adapted to the needs of the applicants was laid down. By this it is seen that industrial education in Hawaii antedates that of the mainland; or, in other words, the method of learning by doing is hardly more modern than the first quarter of the nineteenth century. The genius of David Lyman, founder of Hilo Boarding School, is apparent not only in the local success of the enterprise, but in its far-reaching influence. He was inaugurating a system of instruction, however simple at first, far in advance of the educational world of this day. It was not until 1878. forty-two years after David Lyman had begun elementary tool instruction in Hilo Boarding School, that the first of a lpng series of manual training schools was inaugurated at Boston. It was a well-deserved tribute paid to a notable educator when General S. C. Armstrong said, that when he wished to make Hampton the best kind of school for the freedmen he took Father Lyman's Hilo school for a pattern. Since it is not the purpose of this sketch to trace the seventy-eight romantic years comprising the history of Hilo Boarding School, mention must be made of certain historical influences which were determining factors in the present character of the school. The work was done for the express benefit of the native Hawaiian. By 1840 the school had advanced sufficiently to promulgate the new rule: No boy can leave his sleeping apartment without pantaloons. Up to this time the boys had been allowed to work in their native dress with a shirt as the foreign addition. About this time also the missionaries prevailed upon the government to establish a public school system throughout the kingdom and the Rev. Richard Armstrong, father of the general, was appointed minister of public instruction. Mr. Armstrong secured a grant of forty acres of fertile land and this with a small herd of cattle became at once the chief endowment of the institution. In 1850 the missionary board withdrew its support, the financial burden resting largely upon the trustees, while the sine qua non of the students was hand labor. In the thirty-eight years of Mr. Lymans principalship 870 boys were enrolled upon the school register. During this time more than 200 graduates entered Lahainaluna Seminary. Over 400 became school teachers and 30 became ministers in these islands or missionaries to the Marquesian or Micronesian Islands. About 1850, a change in population of the Hawaiian islands, occasioned by the rise of the sugar industry and a consequent importation of foreign laborers, wrought a corresponding adaptation of Hilo Boarding School to the new conditions. In a few years the children of the kamaainas (newcomers') began to apply for admission, and the school was morally obliged to open its doors to them. Today, no fewer than fifteen nationalities are represented by the boys, most of whom are native-born American citizens. Itjore than half the entire island population are Orientals at the present time, but immigrants are coming from Europe and elsewhere in increasing numbers. Meanwhile the native Hawaiian has been rapidly disappearing, partly through a high death-rate, but mostly through miscegenation. The social composition a half-century ago was simple and homogeneous; today it is quite complex. The opening of the Panama 197 198 The Survey, May 16, 1914 TAROHAWAIIAN STAFF OF LIFE BOYS AT WORK IN THE GARDENS AT HILO BOARDING SCHOOL More than half the supplies for the dining hall are produced by the farm and dairy. who is conducting experiments with it for its valuable medicinal and food properties. Besides taro, many kinds of vegetables and fruit are raised, there being no fewer than twenty-five varieties of bananas alone. A fine herd of Holstein cattle produce butter and milk, and the boy- , butchers keep the school table supplied with sweet, fresh meat. The best known product of the school, however, is the exquisitely polished | wood-work wrought out of the beautiful Hawaiian hardwoods. Wood-craft is a fine art here. Koa, sometimes termed Hawaiian mahogany, being most handsomely grained, is especially popular and commands a high price. Without the grant of land by the government and gifts of money and tools from friends, Hilo Boarding School could never have existed, but it is equally true that without the loyal co-operation of the students in the form of hard manual labor, the school could not have been maintained. The benefits are mutual; the boys labor on the farm contributes substantially to the upkeep of the school. More than half the supplies for the dining hall are produced by the farm and dairy, while the carpenters, plumbers, blacksmiths, harness-makers and electricians do work in both construction and repair. No boy is turned down because he has j no money when he applies for admission. There is no tuition charge. Thirty-five j dollars and three hours daily toil on , the farm covers his board expense for a year. For the boys who cannot secure the $35 in cash, a system of work-scholarships is provided which enables them to earn the amount during the school year. The school offers a course in home training indispensable to the boys wlw apply. Many of them come frnl j Canal, according to social prophets, will have a tendency to heighten the complexity. Add to this the tendency of the children of the plantation laborers away from the peonage in which they see their parents living, and the function of vocational schools in the community becomes apparent. The public schools in Hawaii are only beginning industrial training now, while Hilo Boarding School, after three-quarters of a century of service, finds shop and class-room overcrowded and its equipment inadequate to meet the demand. If Hawaii is to support any considerable number of homemakers, that is, if the rising generation is to become a community of independent citizens instead of a horde of serfs, the training offered by such a school is of incalculable value. The courses of study followed in this school, in general features, are identical with those of industrial schools elsewhere. The training offered, while encouraging advanced study in special cases, aims to provide a well-rounded and fairly complete course for those who cannot for any reason continue their education in higher institutions. The forenoons from 9 to 12 are devoted to the class-room; the afternoons to farm work, shops and athletics; evenings to study. The agricultural work is both practical and experimental. For years these boy farmers were the acting custodians of Uncle Sams Agricultural Experiment Station in Hawaii. That has finally reached such proportions as to justify a separate establishment under the direct control of the government. The principal crop is taro (Caladium colocasia) cooked tuber into a fnash with a shaped stone, mix the mash with water and allow his staff of life poi. The native method of making poi is to pound the well-from which the Hawaiian manufactures it to ferment. It is amusing to observe the astonishment of the native parents who visit the school on seeing the rapidity with which their sturdy sons pound poi by motor power. So important is this food item in the Hawaiian pabulum that the natives are sometimes styled the poi polloi of the islands. But poi fame is extending far beyond Hawaii, for small quantities of it are being shipped to Washington by Hilo Boarding School at the instigation of Professor Shepherd of the Geo-physical Laboratory by, May 16, 1914 cperiments with it nal and food prop- kinds of vegetables iere being no fewer eties of bananas of Holstein cattle nilk, ancf the boy-100I table supplied :at. iduct of the school, xquisitely polished iut of the beautiful Wood-craft is a sometimes termed being most liand-ecially popular and e. : of land by the of money and tools Boarding School :ed, but it is equally loyal co-operation the form of hard ool could not have mutual; the boys :ributes substantial-the school. More es for the dining :he farm and dairy, plumbers, black-rs and electricians ruction and repair, tvn because he has plies for admission, harge. Thirty-five mrs daily toil on oard expense for a who cannot secure system of \"\"work-ided which enables aount during the a course in home ; to the boys who them come fronl Education poor homes or worse, and some from no homes at all. In the dining hall, dormitory, shop and class room, good manners are imperative, while the individual rooms of the older boys are models of neatness and purity. One of the most important departments of the school is the home crafts, which aims to instruct the future home-maker in inanv kinds of repair, culinary and embellishing arts, requisite to well-ordered homes. Then there is the civic aspect. Here is a school for patriotism. Inter-racial differences must be harmonized in the collective life or individual failure would be certain. The attendance by nationalities is about as follows: Japanese, 35; Hawaiian, 20; mixed, 20; Chinese, 5; Korean, 5; Samoan, 4; Filipino, 2; others, 4. There is a democratic spirit about this school community greatly needed in this age of class struggle and social unrest. As is well known Hawaii has maintained a feudalistic society for nearly half a century, but the beginning of the end is at hand and a new social order is in sight. The present cosmopolitan population of the islands demands cosmopolitan schools. Hawaii is not only a crucible on Uncle Sams frontier, it is the melting-pot of opposing civilizations in which all the world is concerned. On this small spot the Japanese learn to labor shoulder to shoulder with Russians, Samoan meets European under the flag of a common freedom. Is not this an important step toward the solution of one of our greatest social problems? Great responsibility here devolves upon the American people. There are already in Hawaii 5,000 Japanese American-born citizens. They are constitutionally entitled to all the rights of American citizenshipyet at this writing their Hawaiian birth certificates are rejected by the authorities on the Pacific coast, as a result of a recent action of the Department of Immigration. Whatever danger or incongruities may be involved in such a national policy as this, it may help to insure the stability of our island population, and make the inculcation of democracy on our frontier all the more necessary. The discipline of Hilo Boarding School is military, yet there is much in keeping with popular government. There 1S a judiciary system which permits every member of this community to have | a voice in the maintenance of order. Three judges from the student body are [elected by the boys as a school tribunal which meets once a week under the supervision of the principal to try all of-enses and mete out penalties. Punishment consists in a restriction of privileges and rarely is a case ever appealed to the faculty. Lastly comes religion. Hilo Boarding School is a Christian institution. It does not reject the Bible in its curriculum, the Christian faith is not compulsory and there is no effort at coercion beyond the wholesome requirement of church at-endance. The school is non-sectarian and aims to be as broadly progressive jn its religious life as accords with the Jst thought and practice of enlightened vhristianity. P ROFESSOR DEWEYS REPORT ON THE EXPERIMENT IN ORGANIC EDUCATION 199 FAIRHOPE When Marietta L. Johnson came out of the South a year or so ago and won a hearing among northern teachers for the educational experiment which she had been carrying on for six years at Fairhope, Ala., she alone could speak of her work from first-hand knowledge. Even when the Fairhope League was organized in the hope of putting her work on a permanent basis, Mrs. Johnsons word for what she had actually accomplished had to be taken on faith. People listened, believed and were glad, for from a region where illiteracy lies heaviest and the needs of childhood are most marked there had apparently come a gleam of promise. The first rounded presentation of her work was published in The Survey last December, but even then, save for one or two hasty visits of educators traveling in that region, who could report nothing more definite than favorable impressions, no educational authority from the North had gone to Fairhope to see for himself. This situation no longer exists. Prof. John Dewey of Columbia University, invited by the Fairhope League to visit Mrs. Johnsons school, has returned without any doubt as to the school having made good. Professor Deweys fourteen-year-old son accompanied him. At the end of their first day Professor Deweys son reported that all the children he talked to were crazy about the school and before the visit ended he begged to be left in Fairhope himself. In his report to the league Professor Dewey says that before going he had expected that it would be necessary to make allowances because of obstacles against which the school had worked, the inherent difficulties of any new step as well as the lack of means to secure properly trained teachers. But while there were, of course, many details susceptible of improvement, he goes on, I did not find it necessary to make nearly as many allowances as I Had anticipated. To quote further: In my judgment the school has demonstrated that it is possible for children to lead the same natural lives in school that they lead in homes of the right sort outside of school; to progress bodily, mentally, and morally in school without factitious pressure, rewards, examinations, grades, or promotions; while they acquire sufficient control of the conventional tools of learning and of the study of booksreading, writing, and figuringto be able to use them independently. The demonstration is all the more striking because of the odds against which Mrs. Johnson has labored and because of the simplicity of the means by which the results have been attained. Anybody who went to Fairhope expecting a revelation of wonderful new methods and devices would come away much disappointed. 'There are no tricks of the trade, no patent devices, no unique nor even peculiar appliances, no methods in onesense of that term. If the expression be not misunder- stood, I would say that what impressed me most on the side of educational procedure was negative; namely, the absence of all special devices calculated to make up for the lack of the various forms of pressure usually brought to bear upon children. What has been done is simply to provide the conditions for wholesome, natural growth in small enough groups for the teacher (as a leader rather than as an instructor) to become acquainted with the weaknesses and powers of each child individually, and then to adapt the work to the individual needs. As a demonstration that normal growth and education are really identical, the school is more impressive than if it had had more external appliances and more skilled teachers at its command. In the latter case, the question might have been raised as to how far the desirable results were to be charged to the account of teachers and equipment and methods of instruction better than are found in the ordinary school. This does not mean, of course, that Mrs. Johnsons own personality has not counted for a very great dealthe existing school would have been impossible without such a personality, but at the same time what she has done has been to give her time, energy, devotion, and intelligence to seeing to it that the children had the opportunities of growth undistorted by external pressure. Freedom in the school, declares Professor Dewey, is treated as a mental and moral matter, not as a matter of whim or caprice. Fie goes on: The school was not only orderly in the intellectual and moral sensethe only standard that ought really to be appliedbut displayed a decent external order of the usual kindsave for the greater freedom of physical posture and movement and conversation. Both in Mrs. Johnsons own classes and in the manual training, taught by Mr. Johnson, children were busy, active and interested in their work, and there was no fooling at all. Professor Dewey urges that Fairhope be kept as the experiment station and that its method be made to spread and permeate the rural schools of the county and then of adjacent counties. The very simplicity of rural life in the South, he says, makes its education more plastic to radical changes. As a further means of propagating the ideas and practices of the school he urges the training of local young men and women to carry on similar work in the vicinity, and the preparation of teachers from the North to undertake the work in the North. Mrs. Johnson, says Professor Dewey, should be relieved from constant financial worry. A guarantee fund covering a span of years, he declares, would give her opportunity for supervision; for greater attention to the assisting teachers; for her training work, as well as for trips north to make her work known and to give assistance and supervision to like attempts there. BOOK REVIEWS THE WINE PRESS By Alfred Noyes. F. A. Stokes & Co. 49 pp. Price $.60; by mail of The Survey $.65. The Wine Press is a notable contribution to the literature of the peace movement; nobly and passionately conceived, carefully wrought, the poem is indeed literature in a very real sense, and deliberate propaganda as well. No one has set forth the horrors of war with more detailed and cold intensity than Mr. Noyes. The verse drips red and shrieks. By a studied intermission of rhyme and an occasional conscious break in the meter, the poet has achieved a harsh, rushing cadence which almost makes one cover ones ears: The shrapnel severed the leaping limbs And shrieked above their flight. They rolled and plunged and writhed like snakes In the red hill-brooks and the blackthorn brakes. Their mangled bodies tumbled like elves In a wild Walpurgis night. Slaughter ! Slaughter ! Slaughter ! The cold machines whirred on. And strange things crawled amongst the wheat With entrails dragging round their feet, And over the foul red shambles A fearful sunlight shone. The technician, intellectually detached and savoring aesthetic values, will find much to appreciate in these descriptions of battle; but for the ordinary reader, cradled in the romance and pageantry of war, they will hold no pleasure. Mr. Noyes undoubtedly did not mean that they should. The glittering battalions of earlier romanticists do not cross these pages: instead, we have ignorant peasants herded in trains to battlefields where is no sight, no sound of an enemy, but on a sudden, a thunder of shrieking air, red ravin, and after scarecrows that once were men. We have villages in panic rout, and the innocent home defiled: The child, the child that lay on her knees. . . . Devil nor man may name The things that Europe must not print, But only whisper and chuckle and hint, Lest the soul of Europe rise in thunder And swords melt in the flame. But Air. Noyes is too genuinely the artist to give us unmitigated horror. The relief is afforded by the terza rima 200 in which is told the idyll of the young Balkan peasant, Johann, and his wife; and by the exalted songs of Michael. After all, it is as a lover of peace that Mr. Noyes describes war, and it is in picturing peace that he is most truly the poet. The difficult terza rima is used with a haunting simplicity which no other English poet has excelled. O, little blue pigeon, sleep. Sleep, Dodi mine, She murmured.. Sleep little rose in your rosy bed. The moon is rocking, rocking to rest in the pine. A great grey cloud sailed slowly overhead. She stood behind Johann. Around his eyes Her soft hands closed. Dodis asleep, she said. As poetry, the idyll marks the highest point in The Wine Press. Spiritually though not always poeticallythe songs of Michael are at the summit of the poem. They strike the mystical and frankly religious note, without which the cynicism and brutality of the tale could not be endured. It would be hard to tell why these verses do not rise as high as they were meant to. Something they lack in music, perhaps; something, perhaps, in passion, or passions adequate expression. The most moving is the simplest, the one in which Michael sings: This war is not as other wars Freedom rides before you On the last of the crusades. Later, when his eyes have been put out, he can still triumph with his resounding hexameters describing the Face of Christ pictured waiting and watching from the walls of San Sofia, for the coming; of His own. He can still sayBlessed are they that see-The beautiful angel of our Fatherland the angel of Liberty walking through the tattered hospitals. At the end, crucified in the apple tree, he is still dauntless, singing, Conquered, we shall conquer ! Till, members of one Body, Our agony shall cease: Till the souls that sit in darkness Behold the Prince of Peace. It is in this same dauntless spirit, the crusading spirit of his Michael, that Mr. Noyes closes his poem: An arrow is at the heart of Death, A God is at the doors of Fate! It is the Dawn ! The Dawn! . . . Florence Converse. HEPBURN OF JAPAN AND HIS WIFE AND HELPMATES By William Elliot Griffis. The Westminister Press, Philadelphia. 231 pp. Price $1.50; by mail of The Survey $1.62. The transformation of Japan from the old to the new has been so rapid, so marked!, as to seem almost miraculous. To one seeking a real explanation of this wonderful phenomenon, Dr. Griffis book will prove most interesting and enlightening. The call, Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature, had long been ringing in the chambers of the soul of Dr. Hepburn, when the Harris treaty in 1859 opened a possible door in Japan. He at once turned his back on the alluring prospect of a continually increasing and lucrative medical practice in a metropolitan city, and on January 6, 1859. wrote a letter to the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions offering himself and his wife, who was equally devoted, for work in the new field. On January 12, 1859, his offer was accepted. This arrangement led the way to a most happy and fruitful period of service in Japan, longer than the average life-time, extending from 1859 to 1892. Their home was set up at Kanagawa across the bay from Yokohama, which was then inhabited only by a few fishermen. One of Dr. Hepburns first achievements there was instructing the Japanese in the chemistry and the manufacture of soap. As soon as possible this crusader, armed with the lancet, attempted to begin medical work. He rented a Buddhist temple, not far from his dwelling, fitted it up, and opened it for the benefit of submerged humanity. Soon it was thronged with sick people of every kind, often from six to eight score a day, Thereupon the government interfered, drove the sick people awav, shut the gate, stationed a guard before it and allowed none to enter. The doctor surmised that this was done to drive the foreigners from Kan-agawa to Yokohama where they could be more easily guarded. He continued to visit the sick and administer to their needs, however, never flinching throngi fear of danger. In 1863 the Hepburns removed to Yokohama where the doctor reopene his dispensary and was at work in every week day, until 1879, ministeruv to the diseased. . . . He prescribe1 for from six to ten thousand patien The Survey, May 16,1914' War Verse-Peace Propaganda Medical Crusader at Work in Japan Book Reviews 201 i vearly. and had about him a corps of five to ten young Japanese men anx-'ious to learn the healing art. . . . It is no exaggeration to say that for the Japanese born since 1870, he, under God. made theirs a different world to live in. He was always re- ferred to in Japan as Kun-shi, the | righteous and noble gentleman. To a foreigner the mysteries of the Japanese language are appalling. The doctor had to attack this problem with-jout the help of phrase-book, grammar, or dictionary, but soon had leaped over j the wall and was in the strange world of Japanese thought and roaming in the garden of Japanese literature. By dint of consistent and assiduous industry. \"\"he got out the first edition of his great Japanese dictionary, on which all the others are based, as early as 1867. In 1891 he brought out his Bible dictionary in Japanese, a work begun in 1889. February 3, 1888, was made memorable in Japan by a meeting held |to celebrate the completion of the translation of the entire Bible into Japanese. It would be interesting to follow Dr. Griffis through his recital of the story of the building of the Shiloh [Church, and labors in it; of the growth of a small school till it ended in the noble Gakunin University, and of the doctor's election to its presidency and | his success in that position. But space will not allow. In 1892, after thirty-three years of loving service, Dr. Hepburn. the Christ-filled pilgrim, retired from active toil, to spend his remaining days in his native land. Marshall R. Gaines. CHILI) LABOUR IN THE UNITED KINGDOM By Frederic Keeling. P. S. King and Son, London. 326 pp. Price $2.00; by mail of The Survey $2.14. British Law for Child Workers This is a study of the development and administration of the law relating to the employment of children, prepared in behalf of the British section of the International Association for Labour Legislation. The committee in charge of the study and report consisted [of Lord Henry Bentinck, M.P., Constance Smith, Mary Phillips, Mr. Keeling and Miss Sanger. The report embodies the work of a large number of [volunteer investigators and is a model f painstaking editing. The divisions of greatest interest to American readers deal with street trad-mg and public entertainments. In London the minimum age for the former 's now fourteen years, and the government bill which was introduced at the session of 1913 proposed to extend that age limit to all towns in England, Wales and Scotland, and to require street traders to be licensed and to attend a continuation school. From many different starting points, the evidence con-'erges upon the point that of all forms t blind alley labor, street trading is, Without - ' In the somber mass of confused and discouraging facts, one bright spot shines forth. The diminution in numbers of children employed in public entertainments is astonishing. According to the officials of the London County Council there are at the present time never more than ten applications in a week for licenses for children under fourteen years old. Usually there are not more than five or six, and at Christmas the number does not exceed 100. Compared with New York this is most cheering progress. Indeed it seems to be excelled only by Massachusetts and Illinois which forbid outright the employment at night of all children below the age of sixteen years. Charts, schedules, tables, texts of bylaws, indexes and a bibliography afford the student every available aid for understanding a most intricate, difficult and discouraging subject,the confused and incoherent mass of British legislation concerning child labor. Florence Kelley. IN BLACK AND WHITE By L. H. Hammond. Fleming H. Revell Co. 244 pp. Price $1.25; by mail of The Survey $1.36. Within recent years the South has produced a number of sympathetic books upon the Negro, the best known among them being those of the late Edgar Gardner Murphy. In Black and White comes as the latest contribution to this group, and sounds the decisive note. Mrs. Poverty and the Color Line exception, the worst. clearest, most Hammond is a southerner who has an intimate knowledge of working class conditions, both North and South, and she makes the keynote of her book the assertion that the Negro problem is primarily not a Negro problem at all but a poverty problem, and that the colored people have suffered grave injustice from the failure of the South to understand this fact. The book deals therefore with poverty among the Negroes and its amelioration,with health, housing, delinquency, education, civil rights. It speaks in gentle but no uncertain terms of the Negros helpless position and the injustice he often experiences. Examples are given of refined colored women who have been forced into jim-crow cars and obliged for hours to hear filthy language amid filthy surroundings; of colored boys sent to the chain gang for ten and fifteen years for the commission of petty offenses; and of educated, industrious Negro families forced, because of segregation, to bring up their children on streets where vice is per-mitted to traffic unrestrained. The book, however, is a hopeful one since it shows the awakening of social consciousness among thoughtful, educated southerners, and the beginnings of preventive work. Especially touching are the authors anecdotes of the social work of individual, often unlettered, colored men and women. As an example, she tells of Sam Daily, a Negro of Alabama, who donated himself and his family and one hundred and twenty-five acres of land (which at his death he had not been able to clear of mortgage) to the use of the state. He received during his lifetime 300 boys from the Birmingham juvenile court, fed them, clothed them, and taught them industry, cleanliness and honor, so that ninety-five per cent made good. Yet the state never gave him money for his services. Her stories make us realize that once given the impetus to social service the South will find a hearty response among her people, of whatever race. In Black and White is the book of a philanthropist and is oblivious of the political and labor movements of the Southern working class since the war, movements in which the Negro has taken a small part. It is the appeal of noblesse oblige; the recognition that advantages are obligations. We believe that it will meet with a warm response among the many thoughtful southerners who desire to meet the race problem in the spirit of humanity; and the Northerner will find it full of interest, and written with a delightful humor that makes it one of the most readable of our sociological books of today. Mary White Ovington. ROUGHING IT WITH BOYS By Geo. W. Hinckley. Association Press. 266 pp. Price $.75; by mail of The Survey $.82. Boys Camp Experiences in Maine In a true sense this book might be called the real diary of a real man. The boys also are real, and the various chapters tell the stories of different groups of boys from the Good Will Home, in Hinckley, Maine, with whom he has tramped and camped in the woods and along the coast of Maine. The style is that of the diary and the newspaper and reveals the man. This revelation of a real man living with and not just for his boys gives its chief value to the book. The chapters brighten the eye and fill the lungs and expand the nostrils| as the real woods and sea do. There is also advice and experience about simple methods of taking outings. These outdoor experiences are interesting and suggestive, but what the reader must not miss is the sight of the man himself in the midst of his boys. A man with a yellow streak in him cannot stand such intimacy. One does not need more evidence than is given in this little book to learn the real reason for the remarkable success of the Good Will Home. For example, note the all wool quality of a man who invites one of his huskiest boys out from a winter camp for a walk, with this result: After they were a mile from camp and the man thought no one in the camp could hear a cry for help, he grappled with the boy, 202 The Survey, May 16, 1914 Making Farm Life A ttractive and after ai doubtful struggle put him down on his back in the snow and sat on him, with the words: I came out here so that I could put you down and give your peachy cheeks the biggest rub they have had in many a long day, sonny; take that. And with those words I began to rub his cheeks vigorously with frozen snow. On the way back the boy watched his chance and threw the man down and sat on him with the words: Do you know what I have got you down here for? Twas so I could. And then he gave my face the severest rubbing with that sandy crisp snow that I have ever experienced. No shoddy relationship with boys can go through a washing like that and come out without wrinkles. Henry W. Thurston. PLAY AND RECREATION FOR THE OPEN COUNTRY By Henry S. Curbs. Ginn & Co. 265 pp. Price $1.25; by mail of The Survey $1.37. Dr. Curtis presents what may be considered the latest word in the recreational problem for rural communities. With brevity, conciseness and breadth of view, the subject is presented from the practical standpoint. At the same time the philosophy of play and its full significance to country life are strongly emphasized. The introduction gives a general outline of the problem. Play in the farm home is then considered, showing that the mother is the natural social organizer for her home circle. The fireside group, corn popping, chestnut roasting, games, Christmas parties and visiting afford color and culture to home life and opportunity for social development. Family happiness rather than family prosperity should be inculcated as the ideal of the farm home. Practical suggestions are given for play in the door-yard with sand bin, slide, swings, tent and home pets, and for outdoor games. The experience of country childhood has been incomplete unless there has been tree climbing, hunting for nests of birds and bees, swimming, and outdoor romps and rambles. Rural school play possibilities cover four chapters showing the need for equipment of school ground, organization of school play and value of school exhibitions and corn clubs. The broad question of recreation for the rural community as a wholethe opportunities open to the country boy and girl, to the farmer and his wifeis treated in seven chapters. Clergymen, teachers, school superintendents, agricultural secretaries, Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. secretaries find here a field for service as community social organizers. The need of play for the adolescent country girl is emphasized. Her life on the farm offers more drudgery than that of her brother whose work takes him into the fields and woods. Some wholesome stimulus to the spirit of ro- A History by Authority mance and adventure latent at least in every growing girl must be afforded. The rural social center, its ideals, methods and agencies is the final topic, covering five chapters. Dr. Curtis in his insight, expert judgment and presentation gives convincing proof of the deep significance of the country life movement and its wonderful potentialities for bringing back to the farm some of the poetry and romance of pioneer days; for vitalizing to a truer and more wholesome conception of life our large rural populations; for preventing stagnation and monotony, the bane of many dead rural communities; and for keeping the younger generation on the farm by offering them life that will satisfy the spirit in place of the life that is at present too full of colorless drudgery, and that is driving the farming population in restless thousands to the already overcongested cities. Mabel Rainsford Haines. MUNICIPAL FRANCHISES2 Volumes By Delos F. Wilcox. McGraw Hill Book Co. Vol. I, 710 pp.; Vol. II, 885 pp. Price $5.00 each; by mail of The Survey, Vol. I, $5.18; Vol. II, $5.24. Mr. Wilcoxs work embraces two closely printed and compact volumes containing a mass of much-needed and well-assorted data concerning municipal franchises. It is somewhat remarkable and interesting that history in part is repeating itself. During the middle ages the cities were the centers of commercial and intellectual activity, the hotbeds of politics, as well as the abodes patrons of art and learning. In fact, to a large extent the history of the period is the history of its cities. Today, again, the city is occupying the center of the stage by reason of the tremendous aggregation of wealth which it represents and the congested population which finds shelter within its boundaries. It has assumed an importance in American history and matters politic which demands attention. The tendency in America has been for the population to drift to the cities and the urban population has increased at the expense of the rural. Coupled with phenomenal increase in the urban population came tremendously vital and perplexing problems in the political lives of the cities as well as in the states in which they were located. There arose also problems of properly housing the congested population, properly transporting them through the cities, properly lighting their homes, suppling them with water, sewage service and schools. A great mass of people hastily thrown together all intent upon their individual business were very apt to allow a few interested politicians to manage their affairs for them. Hence a great part of the Saturnalia of municipal corruption of the United States, which has been a source of shame to the country and to its right-thinking citizens. It is only of recent years that the American public has begun the examination of its own business and intelligently to study municipal conditions. Today municipal franchises and privileges are being regarded as a property of the citizens which are to be parted with only for an adequate consideration. The value therefore of a study of this kind can scarcely be overestimated. Mr. Wilcox is especially fitted to write upon the subject, being chief of the bureau of franchises of the public service commission of the first district of New York and the author of several works on American cities. Here we have in its most accessible form, not only the history of franchises and a discussion of their real nature but a wonderful collection of franchises which have been granted in various American cities, not only under the old pernicious system of private profit but under the modern theory of public benefit. The evils which have grown from the former system are clearly outlined; the methods indicated of averting them for the future. There are also chapters outlining the history of various public utilities,electric light and power, tele-' phones, telegraphs, water works, and | street railways,with franchises under which they are operated in different American cities. A particularly valuable part of the work is that dealing with the taxation and the control of pub-! lie utilities. The author is in favor of municipal ownership. To the student of municipal franchises, to publicists and those interested! in improving conditions within their municipalities the book will be especially' valuable. It is clearly, sanely, and logically written and is rich in the collected ^ material. Emanuel Sternheim. BOOKS RECEIVED School Costs and School Accounting. By | T. Howard Hutchinson. Teachers College.1 Columbia University. 151 pp. Price $l.oi by mail of THE Survey $1.60. Women Workers in Seven Professions. By Edith J. Morley E. P. Dutton & Co.